南京明孝陵导游词2020年【通用20篇】

各位游客：南京夫子庙是一个以夫子庙为中心，集游览、购物、品尝风味于一体，展示古城风貌和民族风情的旅游地。夫子庙又称孔庙，文庙，是祭祀我国古代著名的大思想家，教育家孔子的庙宇。

夫子庙建于宋景佑元年，是在东晋学宫的旧址上扩建的，夫子庙五建五毁，最后一次是1937年毁于日本侵略军的炮火。1984年，南京政府对夫子庙进行了大规模开发与建设，建成了以夫子庙为中心，以秦淮河为轴线的夫子庙秦淮风光带。它有三大建筑群，一座是祭祀孔子的庙宇——大成殿，另一座是大成殿后面的学宫，第三是古代科举考试遗址——江南贡院。

秦淮河，又叫龙藏浦，是南京人民的母亲河。内秦淮河流经夫子庙，全长10公里，这便是古往今来令无数文人墨客为之赞美倾倒、寻迹访踪的“十里秦淮”了。唐朝大诗人李白、刘禹锡、杜牧等都曾为她写下诗篇，孔尚任的《桃花扇》和吴敬梓的《儒林外史》中，也都对“十里秦淮”有过生动的描写。

现在我们来到了秦淮河畔，自宋以后就成了孔庙泮池。河南岸的一段朱红色石砖墙，这就是夫子庙的照壁。照壁建于明万历三年(1575年)，长110米、高10米，为全国照壁之冠。泮池西侧有一座桥叫文德桥，因为儒家提倡文章道德而得名，为了和东边的武定桥相对，故建桥锁住泮池以蓄文气，因为桥的方向和子午线的方向一致，所以每年农历11月15日左右，站在桥上俯视，可见月亮被分成两半，这就是文德分月的由来。每到此时，桥上赏月的人不计其数，由于原为木桥，所以桥的栏杆经常被挤坏，所以南京有一句俗话叫“文德桥的栏杆——靠不住”。泮池北岸有一座四柱三门的大牌坊为天下文枢坊。孔子乃天下文章道德之中枢也，故得此名。东侧这座楼阁式建筑，叫做魁光阁，它初建于清乾隆年间。这座临街傍水的建筑曾两次被毁，1985年重建。西侧的这座六角重檐亭子叫“聚星亭”，“聚星”取群星集中，人才荟萃之意。建于明万历十四年(1586年)，也曾几经兴废。请大家继续随我往前走。这座门叫棂星门，这是孔庙的庙门。门是石结构的，六柱三门，棂星门东西两侧便是东市、西市。

走过棂星门，便是孔庙的正门，叫大成门，因为孔子对我国文献起了集大成作用，也叫戟门。庙院两侧是碑廊，廊内陈列了当代书法名家的碑刻30块。现在，请大家随我从中间的甬道走。甬道两侧立着孔子十二门生中的后八门生。在进大成殿前，我先给大家介绍一下殿前的这个露台，也叫丹墀。丹墀之上有目前我国孔子的最大的铜像高4.18米。现在请各位游客随我进入孔庙主殿——大成殿。这是一座气势巍峨，重檐庑殿顶，屋脊中央有双龙戏珠立雕的建筑。这种规格的建筑在全国也是屈指可数的。大成殿内供奉着孔子的画像;为画家王宏喜按照唐吴道子的孔子画像用一年时间画成。两旁是四亚圣的汉白玉塑像;东西两侧摆放有古代庆典时演奏的乐器。大成殿的四周墙壁上还悬挂着38幅反映孔子生平事迹的镶嵌壁画，称“孔子圣迹图”;是浙江乐清200多名匠师采用玉石、翡翠、黄金、珠宝等贵重材料，耗时三年雕成。总价值580万人民币。表现了孔子“万世师表”的光辉典范。

走出孔庙。我们可见四块石碑，第一块是《孔子问礼图碑》，记载了春秋末年孔子出于对周王朝礼乐制度的崇拜;从家乡曲阜去周王城洛阳考察典章制度的经历。图中是二人驾车，一组身穿古装人物在城门前欢迎的场面。这块碑已有1500多年的历史了，图文仍清晰可辨，是难得的珍贵文物。第二块碑石《集庆孔庙碑》，第三块碑石《封四氏碑》，讲的是元至顺二年，文宗皇帝诏示：加封颜回、曾参、孔伋、孟轲为四亚圣之事。第四块碑是《封至圣夫人碑》。

现在我们看到的建筑便是夫子庙的学宫。门楣上方题有“东南第一学”。后面是明德堂，明德堂是学宫的正堂，建于南宋绍兴九年(1139年)，堂名为文天祥所书。现在的这块匾额是后人模仿文天祥手迹写成。明德堂是学子集会的地方，每月朔望(农历初一和十五)朝圣后，学子在此集会，训导师宣讲圣教和上谕。明德堂前院中新建两个亭子，东为习礼亭，内挂“礼运钟”，西为仰圣亭，内置“圣音鼓”。

接着是尊经阁、青云楼、崇圣祠。尊经阁原为上下两层，上存儒学经典，下为课堂。现为1988年新建的三楹三层仿古建筑，为南京民俗馆。青云楼为供奉历代督学使的祠堂和学宫秀才阅览经书的地方。

现在我们所站的地方便是江南贡院了。这里原是古代时南京规模庞大的考试场——贡院。贡院建于南宋乾道四年(1168年)，是县府考试场所。明太祖朱元璋定都南京后，这里成了乡试、会试场所。眼前这座三层建筑，就是明远楼了。楼呈四方形，四面设窗，地处贡院中心，在此可以监视考生和贡院内执役人员。“明远”的意思就是“慎终追远、明德归厚”。号舍在明远楼东部和西部，是考生三场九天考试住宿之地，原有20644间。现在来到的是当初主考官办公之地——至公堂。现为“科考陈列室”，以实物图片、资料等形式介绍科举制度的情况，正中有“魁星点斗”像。

各位游客：关于夫子庙我就介绍到这里。如果大家有兴趣，可以去逛一下夫子庙的其他景点;比如：吴敬梓故居，王谢故居，乌衣巷等。谢谢!

Aujourdhui, je vous emmènerai visiter la rivière Qinhuai et le templeConfucius.Qinhuaihe River Tourism Area, located in the South of Nanjing OldCity, from the City, takes about 20 minutes to reach by car.Cest un templeConfucius comme centre, la visite, le shopping, la dégustation de saveur danslun de laffichage de la ville antique et les coutumes nationales de ladestination touristique.

Origine et évolution historique de la rivière Qinhuai

La rivière Qinhuai est une rivière qui a joué un r?le important dans ledéveloppement politique, économique et culturel de la ville antique deNanjing.On dit que la rivière Qinhuai est un canal artificiel que lempereur QINShihuang a ordonné de creuser.Qin Shihuang a visité lEst et a ordonné le foragede la montagne Fang pour communiquer avec la rivière Yangtze afin de faciliterla circulation des navires en passant par Nanjing. Par conséquent, cette sectionde la rivière a re?u le nom de "rivière Qinhuai".Cependant, selon létudegéologique, la rivière Qinhuai est une rivière naturelle avec une longuehistoire. ? cette époque, lancienne rivière traversait la montagne Fangshan,mais en raison des changements géographiques, la rivière a été détournée et aprogressivement formé le cours actuel de la riviè rivière Qinhuai danslhistoire a un large cours deau.Depuis que Yang xingmi, roi de Wu dans lescinq dynasties, a construit la ville de pierre autour du pont changgan, larivière a commencé à se rétrécir et a été divisée en "Qinhuai" intérieur etextérieur.? lintérieur de la rivière Qinhuai, la rivière Qinhuai est reliée àla rivière Qinhuai à lextérieur de la ville par le col de leau de lEst, letemple Confucius et le col de leau de lOuest au sud de la porte de leau del longueur totale de la rivière est de 10 km, ce qui fait quedinnombrables érudits et érudits célèbrent et jettent des louanges et destraces de "dix Li Qinhuai".Les grands poètes de la dynastie Tang, comme Li Bai,Liu Yuxi et du Mu, ont écrit des poèmes pour elle. Dans le fan de fleur de pêchede Kong shangren et lhistoire extérieure du confucianisme comme Wu Jing, ilsont également écrit des descriptions vives de "dix Li Qinhuai".Lanciennerivière Qinhuai est très petite par rapport à la rivière Yangtze qui traverse lenord de la ville de Nanjing, mais elle est étroitement liée à la naissance et audéveloppement de la ville de Nanjing, ainsi quau développement politique,économique et culturel de la région de Nanjing.Au début de l?ge néolithique, ily a cinq ou six mille ans, lhumanité sest développée ici.Jusquà présent,jusquà 50 ou 60 vestiges de villages primitifs ont été trouvés le long des deuxrives de la riviè Cour féodale des six dynasties et du début de la dynastieMing la utilisé comme barrière naturelle de la capitale et comme passagenaturel pour le Palais impérial.Après la construction de la ville de dingye(Nanjing), Sun Quan, dans lest du Wu, a été appelé "étang de barrière" sur lesdeux rives de la rivière Qinhuai, qui peut à la fois résister à lennemi et àlinondation.Depuis les six dynasties, les deux rives de la rivière Qinhuai dansla région de fuzimiao ont été un endroit animé avec des résidents denses et desmarchés connectés. La rivière Qinhuai a servi de principal canal de commerceextérieur dans la région de Nanjing. Les bateaux ont traversé la rivière et unefaction a prospéré.On dit que lancienne rivière Qinhuai est bordée de maisonsde chant et de restaurants, de maisons de rivière et de pavillons deau, depeintures de yachts et de lumières lumineuses, où les riches et les noblesmènent une vie de plaisir et dextase. Le dramaturge Kong shangren de ladynastie Qing décrit dans peach blossom fan comme une prostituée célèbre etintrépide, Li xiangjun, qui vit sur la rive sud du pont belle rivièreQinhuai a traversé la solitude de lépoque sauvage, la prospérité et le luxe dessix dynasties, la saleté de lancienne société et le sang et les larmes destravailleurs. Cependant, la rivière Qinhuai daujourdhui, après lasédimentation de lhistoire et la transformation des gens, a émis lodeur doucede La civilisation saine, a montré la beauté claire et émouvante.Cest untémoignage de lhistoire de Nanjing, pas étonnant que les gens soient habitués à"Qinhuai" comme synonyme de Nanjing.

Qinhuai painting boat - danchi - zhangbi of Confucius Temple - Temple frontSquare - fengxing Gate

Chers visiteurs,

Maintenant nous sommes arrivés à la rive de la rivière Qinhuai, la peintureet la défense dans la rivière ont été faites en imitant le style architecturalde la dynastie Ming, et il y a de grandes boules de couleur rouge et deslanternes rouges accrochées à lavant du bateau.Chaque fois que le festival deslanternes, les Nanjing sont habitués à venir ici pour profiter deslumières.Cette atmosphère a prévalu dans la dynastie Ming. Il est dit que Zhuyuanjin a visité la capitale après la construction de la capitale dans ladynastie Ming.Quand il est arrivé au bord de la rivière Qinhuai, il a vu lombredes arbres sur les deux rives de la rivière, la rivière était claire, lespavillons et les pavillons, le paysage était agréable, et a dit, "il ny a pasde bateau de croisière dans la rivière Xihe.""Quand lempereur ouvrit la bouchedor, il envoya des hommes à gauche et à droite toute la nuit construire unbateau à peinture pour gagner la joie de lempereur.Depuis lors, la visite de lapeinture Qinhuai est devenue une grande caractéristique ici.En particulier auFestival de la mi - automne, il y avait des milliers de lanternes deau sur larivière, des Lanternes de dragon dansant sur les deux rives, des chansons, destambours, des acclamations et des rires continus, qui ont duré toute la nuit, cequi a vraiment été appelé "Qinhuai lanternes dans le monde".Il nest pasétonnant que Nanjing ait un proverbe populaire selon lequel ? chaque famillemarche sur un pont et tout le monde regarde la lumière ?.La rivière Qinhuai sousnos yeux est devenue le temple Confucius (temple Confucius) depuis la dynastieSong.Dans lantiquité, le Palais des conférences de lempereur sappelait PiYong, le Palais des conférences des princes sappelait Pan Palace, et le Palaisdu temple Confucius était équivalent à lendroit où les princes donnaient desconférences, de sorte que ce pool sappelait Pan pool.En général, il y a troisponts en pierre sur le lac PAN. En termes de grade, les fonctionnaires du comtéet les fonctionnaires de lécole marchent au milieu, tandis que les éruditsmarchent sur les deux c?tés du pont.Il est dit que dans lantiquité, un éruditsest égaré sur le pont central, a commis un crime de désordre, un dilemme, a d?sauter dans Pan Chi.Sil vous pla?t, regardez le mur de brique rouge cramoisi delautre c?té de la rivière, cest le mur du temple Confucius.Zhao Bi a étéconstruit dans la troisième année de la dynastie Ming Wanli (lannée de Lize) eta une longueur de 110 mètres. Cest la Couronne de Zhao Bi pour tout lemonde.Visiteur: ce temple Confucius a été construit pour la première fois dansla troisième année de xiankang (337) de lempereur Cheng de la dynastie Jinorientale. ? cette époque, lempereur Cheng a adopté la suggestion de Wang Dao:"gouverner le pays en mettant laccent sur la culture des talents", et a décidéde créer une université sur les rives de la rivière Qinhuai.? lorigine, il nyavait que le Palais de lécole. Le temple Confucius a été construit dans lapremière année de jingpai de lempereur Renzong de la dynastie Song (1034) surla base de lapprentissage et de la richesse.Par conséquent, le temple Confuciusest une ville animée qui a évolué du Centre culturel et éducatif. Il comprend letemple Confucius, le Palais de lécole et la Cour dhommage. Il est situé sur larive nord de la rivière Qinhuai au Sud, à lextrémité est de la route Jiankangau Nord, de la ruelle yaojia à lEst et de la ruelle Sifu à lOuest, avec unegrande échelle.Bien que le temple Confucius ait été endommagé à plusieursreprises, il a été reconstruit et agrandi dans toutes les dynasties. ? la fin dela dynastie Qing et au début de la République de Chine, la structure et ladisposition de ses b?timents et temples étaient les plus célèbres du Sud -Est.Les b?timents actuels du temple Confucius ont été reconstruits en partie àla fin de la dynastie Qing et en partie au cours des dernières années.Sil vouspla?t regardez en arrière, ce b?timent de style pavillon, appelé pavillonkuixing, il a été construit pour la première fois dans la dynastie QingQianlong.Le b?timent en bordure de la rue a été détruit à deux reprises etreconstruit en 1985.Maintenant, nous sommes arrivés à la place devant le temple,qui a été ouverte par la dynastie Qing. Il y a deux stèles à lEst et à louestde la place, et il y a un Zhang Xu haut. Il est gravé avec les mots Manchu etHan "Les ministres de lart et des arts martiaux descendent ici" pour montrerleur respect pour Confucius.Le pavillon à double avant - toit hexagonal sur lec?té gauche sappelle le pavillon juxing, qui rassemble les étoiles et lestalents.Il a été construit dans la 14ème année de Wanli (1586) de la dynastieMing, et a été reconstruit par Zhu Fufeng et dautres dans la 8ème année deTongzhi (1869) de la dynastie Qing.Cest le seul b?timent de la dynastie Qingqui a survécu à lartillerie japonaise. Malheureusement, il a été démoli comme"quatre vieux" en 1968 et reconstruit en 1983 pour restaurer son apparenceoriginale.Larche au centre de la place sappelle "larche du Centre culturel dumonde".Sil vous pla?t, suivez - moi.Cest la porte du temple Confucius.On ditque létoile du canapé est létoile de lillumination dans le porte esten pierre, six colonnes et trois portes, construite dans la 16ème année de ladynastie Ming Chenghua (1480), détruite plus tard, et reconstruite dans la 9èmeannée de Tongzhi (1870) de la dynastie Qing.Cependant, la porte polaire que nousvoyons maintenant a été reconstruite en 1983.Les deux c?tés est et ouest de laporte des étoiles polaires sont East City et West City.

Dachengmen - dachengdan Hall - Academic Palace

Chers visiteurs,

En passant par la porte de létoile, cest la porte principale du templeconfucien, appelée Dacheng Gate, aussi appelée halberd Gate.Il y a quatre stèlesà lintérieur de la porte.Le premier est la tablette Confucius Wenli Tuo, gravéedans la deuxième année de la Dynastie Qi yongming (484).Il a enregistrélexpérience de Confucius dans la vingt - quatrième année du Duc Lu Zhao (518av. J. - C.), de Qufu, sa ville natale, à Luoyang, la ville du roi Zhou, pourenquêter sur le système des lois et règlements et chercher des moyens deconsolider le régime des esclaves de l?tat Lu.Dans la partie supérieure de latablette se trouve linscription "Confucius asking Ritual Map, Wu jinghengquestion".La photo montre deux personnes en voiture, un groupe de personneshabillées en costumes anciens devant la scène daccueil de la porte de la Ville,et les mots "deux ans yongming, Confucius dans la cérémonie de la porte de lasemaine lu" autour.Cette stèle a plus de 1500 ans dhistoire, les images et lestextes sont encore clairs et reconnaissables, est une relique rare etpré deuxième tablette est la tablette du temple confucien Jiqing.Linscription a été écrite par Lu Zhi lorsque le temple confucien a étéreconstruit de la dynastie Yuan à la deuxième année de lUniversité (1309) etgravée par le prince Chun Zhai dans la première année de la dynastie Yuan à lapremière année de la dynastie Shun (1330).La troisième tablette est la tablettede la famille Feng Si, qui parle de la deuxième année de la dynastie Yuan àShun, lempereur wenzong a ordonné que Yan Hui, Zeng Shen (les deux disciples deConfucius), Confucius Chi (le petit - fils de Confucius) et Meng Ke (le disciplede Confucius transmis de nouveau) soient scellés comme quatre saints.Laquatrième tablette est la tablette de la très sainte dame, qui parle de ladeuxième année de la dynastie Yuan à Shun (1331), lempereur Wen Zong a ordonnéque la femme de Confucius soit la très sainte dame.Sur les deux c?tés de la Courdu temple se trouve la galerie des stèles (à lorigine, cétait lendroit pouradorer le monument des soixante - douze sages de Confucius Gate), dans laquelle30 stèles de calligraphes contemporains célèbres sont exposées.Maintenant, silvous pla?t, suivez - moi par le chemin de la pluie de pierre au milieu.Avantdentrer dans la salle Dacheng, je vais vous présenter cette table en plein airdevant la salle. Cest lendroit pour le sacrifice et la danse.Dans lantiquité,le premier jour du mois de février et dao?t et le jour de la naissance deConfucius (27 ao?t du calendrier lunaire), les fonctionnaires locaux ont tenu degrandes activités de balayage dans le temple confucien.Le sacrifice a adoptélétiquette que les esclaves de la dynastie Zhou ont sacrifié aux dieux et auxesprits du ciel et de la terre. Devant la salle Dacheng, des ustensiles enbronze imités ont été placés, et deux vaches, 16 porcs et 16 moutons ont étéfournis, ainsi quune grande quantité de brocoli, de fruits secs et frais et debougies en papier parfumé.Les principaux sacrificateurs doivent porter descostumes anciens spéciaux, lire des textes sacrificiels, faire troisprosternements et neuf prosternements à Confucius et aux quatre paires(Confucius gaotu) et aux douze zhe (Confucius Family brother), et être équipésde groupes et déquipes de danse pour chanter Confucius. Par conséquent, unescène doit être aménagée devant la salle Dacheng.Maintenant, sil vous pla?t,suivez - moi dans la salle principale du temple Confucius, Dacheng Hall.Ilsagit dun b?timent majestueux, avec des avant - toits lourds et une crêtecentrale avec des sculptures de perles de dragon.Les b?timents de cette taillesont également rares dans tout le pays."Dacheng" signifie que Confucius arassemblé les pensées des anciens sages et sages.Dans la salle Dacheng,Confucius et ses quatre grands disciples étaient au Centre, et douze statues desenfants de la famille confucienne étaient sur les deux c?tés.Maintenant DachengHall a été ouvert comme "Nanjing Local Culture Museum".Sil vous pla?t, avancezplus loin, cest le Palais de lécole du temple Confucius.Au - dessus du linteaude la porte, il y avait à lorigine la plaque "xueyang", larche en bois decyprès à lextérieur de la porte, sur laquelle il y avait le titre "la premièreécole du Sud - est".Au nord de larche se trouve un jardin de fleurs avec desbalustrades en bois autour, et à gauche et à droite il y a quatre salles delecture, où les étudiants étudient eux - mêmes.Les noms de ces quatre chais sont"zhidao", "zhide", "yiren" et "amusement".? larrière se trouve le Mingde Hall,qui a été construit dans la neuvième année de Shaoxing (1139) dans la dynastieSong du Sud et sappelle Wen Tianxiang.Mingde Hall est lendroit où lesétudiants se réunissent. Après le pèlerinage de la nouvelle lune (1er et 15lunaires), les étudiants se réunissent ici pour former leurs tuteurs à prêcherl?glise Sainte et lOracle.Il y a une "tablette allongée" sur le mur est, cestla loi de linstruction.Sur les poutres de gauche et de droite pendent les sixcomtés de la résidence Jiangning pour soulever des questions.Le b?timent devantnous est le pavillon de lencens de poire, qui était à lorigine un sanctuairedédié aux parents de Confucius. Maintenant, il a été transformé en terrain dejeu.Le b?timent à lEst est le b?timent Qingyun, qui a été construit dans la14ème année du calendrier Wanli (1586) de la dynastie Ming. Cest un templeancestral pour les envoyés des dynasties passées. Il a été construit à loriginecomme un b?timent de trois étages, parce quil est proche de la Cour dhommage.Afin dempêcher les gens de regarder la Cour dhommage den haut, il a ététransformé en b?timent de deux étages dans la dynastie Qing. Létage supérieur aété utilisé comme bibliothèque et létage inférieur estAprès labolition delexamen impérial à la fin de la dynastie Qing, il a été transformé en écoleprimaire. Au début de la République de Chine, il a été transformé en JiangningCounty Education Association. Pendant la guerre anti - japonaise, il a étéutilisé pour ouvrir des maisons de thé et des lieux de chant. Après la guerre,il a été successivement utilisé comme centre déducation populaire et NanjingTongzhi Hall.Cest aussi lun des rares b?timents qui ont survécu à lancienpalais.Visiteur: après avoir visité larchitecture du Palais de lécole, nousallons visiter un autre complexe Architectural ancien du temple Confucius, laCour dhommage.

远古人类的足迹，随着时代推移而遍及今日的南京。东郊汤山出土了距今约30万～50万年的“南京猿人”完整的头骨化石;溧水县神仙洞发现了距今l万年以前的“溧水人”遗址。

距今6000多年前，南京鼓楼岗西北侧的北阴阳营和玄武湖畔、长江岸边开始出现新石器时代的原始村落，聚居着南京的初民。3000多年前，沿江河地带，已经相当密集地分布着青铜时代的居民聚落，以秦淮河中游的湖熟镇一带较为集中，称为“湖熟文化” 。

公元前472年，越王勾践灭吴后，在今中华门西南侧建城，开创了南京的城垣史。公元前333年，楚威王大败越国，于石头山筑城置金陵邑，金陵之称亦因此而得名。秦汉时

期，南京地区随经济发展而建县渐多。汉末三国鼎立之初，公元220xx年，孙权在武昌称帝，9月即迁都于此，称作建业，为南京建都之始。公元320xx年，晋琅琊王司马睿建立东晋政权，以建康(今南京)为国都，这是南京城市发展史上的第一个高峰时期。此后，南朝宋、齐、梁、陈相继定都建康，史称“六代豪华”，南京由此有“六朝古都”的美称。公元937年，南京成为南唐的首都，称为江宁府，这是南京城市发展史上的第二个高峰期。1368年，朱元璋在应天府称帝，建立明朝，以“应天”为“南京”，第一次成为一统天下的全国首都。由此，南京城市发展进入又一高峰期，南京都城为当时世界第一大城。1853年，太平天国定都于此，改名天京。1920xx年元旦，中华民-国成立，孙中山在南京就任中华民-国临时大总统。1920xx年，国民政府定南京为首都。

“金陵自古帝王州”，从中古到近现代，继孙吴之后，东晋、宋、齐、梁、陈、南唐、明朝、太平天国以及中华民-国先后定都南京，共455年，史称“十代故都”，留下了丰富的文化文化遗产。

1949年4月23日南京解放，成为中央人民政府直辖市。1952年9月，南京为江苏省省辖市。1953年1月1日，江苏省人民政府成立，南京为江苏省省会。1994年2月，经国务院同意，中央机构编制委员会明确南京的行政级别为副省级。

南京是中国重要的综合性工业生产基地。南京的电子、化工生产能力在国内城市中居第二位，车辆制造规模居第三位，机械制造业的技术、规模居国内领先地位，家用电器业、建材工业也都具有较大规模。南京是华东地区重要的交通、通讯枢纽，建立了全方位、立体化、大运量的交通运输网络，铁路、公路、水运、空运、管道五种运输方式齐全，拥有现代化的通讯体系。南京是全国四大科研教育中心城市之一，是全国重要的高教、科研基地，拥有一批国内一流的高校和科研机构。被国家9个部委列为中国投资硬环境 “四十优”城市之一。先后被评为中国城市综合实力“五十强”第五名、国家园林城市、中国优秀旅游城市、全国科技兴市先进城市、全国双拥模范城市、全国城市环境综合整治10佳城市、全国科技进步先进城市、国家环境保护和国家卫生城市等称号。

古老的秦淮河玉带般蜿蜒舒展，站立桥头，眼前宛然是历史在悠悠流过;点缀两旁的玄武湖和莫愁湖静如处子，似在幽然倾诉;钟山、栖霞山迤逦悠长，“神龙”般延续着千年的守卫;金陵古城默然而立，城内的沧桑繁华刻写着它的年轮。

南京文化古迹遍布，从中可以探寻历史的源头：中山陵依山而建，结构严整，观之而生一股浩然之气;夫子庙建筑群古色古香，漫步其间，让你体味明清时代的市井繁荣;中华门气势宏伟，设计巧妙，置身城内，壁垒森然，耳边似有战马嘶鸣;此外还有灵谷寺、石象路、三国东吴所筑石头城遗址、明代朱元璋的陵墓(明孝陵)以及革命纪念地雨花台等，引人遐思无限。

古老悠久的文化遗产，现代文明的经济都市，与蔚为壮观的自然景观构成了南京独特的园林城市风貌。

Dear tourists, the scenic spot we are going to visit is the Ming XiaolingMausoleum, which is located in Dulong, Mt. Zijin. Xiaoling Tomb of the MingDynasty is the joint Tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, andhis Empress Ma Shi. Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 to a poor peasant family inFengyang, Anhui Province. He joined Huangjue temple at the age of 17, joined thered scarf army of Guo Zixing at the end of the Yuan Dynasty in 1352, led thearmy to conquer Nanjing in 1356, and ascended the throne in 1368.

Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty was built in 1381. In 1382, it wasburied in empress Ma Shi. In 1398, it was buried here after Zhu Yuanzhang diedof illness. The project was not completed until 1413. It was named Xiaolingbecause Zhu Yuanzhang advocated "governing the world with filial piety" on theone hand, and because empress Ma was posthumously named "Xiaoci" on the other.Therefore, the tomb was called "Xiaoling" in the Ming Dynasty and "Xiaoling" inthe Qing Dynasty to show the difference between dynasties.

Relying on Zijin Mountain, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum has a windingShinto. The mausoleum abides by the tradition of Chinese architecture, and itscentral axis is symmetrical. It is the first Mausoleum of Baocheng Baoding. Themausoleum shape of the former dynasty and the later Dynasty is the firstMausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 600 years. As a nationalkey cultural relic protection unit, it was listed in the world cultural heritagelist in 20__.

What we see now is the first gate of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, dajinmen.In those days, a 45 Li external wall extended from both sides of dajinmen,including the whole Zijinshan.

The roof and gate of the old golden gate, which was covered with yellowglazed tiles, have disappeared. Only the castle and the three arches.

Over the golden gate, we came to Sifang city. It turned out to be a stelePavilion. Because the top of the pavilion was destroyed by the war in XianfengPeriod of Qing Dynasty, only four walls and four door tickets were left. Eachside is 26.86 meters long, just like an ancient castle. So Nanjing peoplecommonly call it Sifang city. There is a tablet of "the miraculous work of theXiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty" in the city, which is 6.7 meters highIts 2.08 meters high and called Mian. Its said that its one of the nine sonsof the dragon. Its very heavy. This tablet is the largest Ming tablet inNanjing. The inscription is written by Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty.It has 2746 words and is divided into seven parts. First, it describes his lifeexperience and was born in Jurong family. Second, it asks for the peoplesorders and makes a great fortune. Third, it calms down the world, ascends thethrone and becomes emperor, cezhonggong and the crown prince, and is granted thesame surname. Fourth, it abolishes Zhongshu and sets up six departments to takecharge of military power. Fifth, it attaches importance to talents and the studyof founding a nation; 6、 He lived a simple life, and asked him to be buried withMa after his death in Xiaoling; 7. The name of 57 royal children and 144 fourcharacter eulogies, the inscription is a high praise of Zhu Yuanzhangs life.The completion of the monument of the great Ming Xiaoling was in 1413, whichmarks the end of the Ming Xiaoling project. Behind Zhu Dis great contributionto Zhu Yuanzhang, in fact, he built up his own prestige in Dashu, so as to showthe legitimacy of inheriting the throne. He originally sent tens of thousands ofmigrant workers to chisel a huge stele in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. If thecap, body and base of the stele were 72 meters high, they were too huge tocarry, so they were abandoned.

After passing the Yuhe bridge, we come to the Shinto of the XiaolingMausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. The Shinto is divided into two sections. Thefirst section is Shixiang road. On both sides of the road, there are six kindsof Stone Beasts, four in each group, standing on both sides and squatting onboth sides. Kirin is the king of animals, symbolizing the majesty of kings, andChina _ s legendary law beast, symbolizing the integrity of kings; camels arethe boats of the desert, showing the vast territory of Ming Dynasty and thetranquility of the western regions of the country; the elephant is a symbol ofthe country and the people, and the people are obedient; the unicorn is a kindof monster of Chinese mythology and legend, symbolizing the benevolence of theemperor. The last animal to see is a horse, which symbolizes loyalty to theemperor. The main purpose of placing these stone beasts on both sides of theShinto is to record Zhu Yuanzhangs achievements, to show the prosperity of theMing Dynasty, and to pray for the suppression of demons and evil spirits.

Walking along the stone statue Road, the second section of Shinto,wengzhong Road, lies ahead. There is a pair of pillar at the intersection, whichis also called Huabiao. The Shinto standing in front of the mausoleum is alsocalled lingbiao. There is the function of indicating the road here. From here,Shinto begins to turn due north. On wengzhong Road, there were two pairs ofmilitary generals, who were wearing armor and holding a wat board in theirhands. They were burly, and two pairs of civil ministers, who were wearing courtclothes and holding wat boards in their hands, were solemn. They are a pair ofyoung people and a pair of middle-aged people respectively, which indicates thatthere are successors in Daming. At the end of the Shinto Road, there is aLingxing gate with six pillars and three gates. The original gate was destroyedin the war in Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now the Lingxing gate isrestored in 20__ according to historical data. This is the ceremonial gate forvisiting the mausoleum.

On the east side of Shixiang Road, there is a hill called Meihua Mountain.Shinto turns a bend around Meihua Mountain. It turns out that this mountain wasthe mausoleum of Sun Quan in the eastern Wu Dynasty. During the construction ofthe Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, someone suggested that thismausoleum should be removed. However, Zhu Yuanzhang said, "Sun Quan is also ahero. Let me see the gate." so the Shinto curved and became the natural barrierof the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. Now it has become a famous plumappreciation base in Nanjing.

Now we see the Jinshui bridge. Behind the Jinshui bridge is the mausoleumbuilding of Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty. There were five Jinshui bridgesfacing the five gates of the mausoleum palace, which were destroyed by the warin Xianfeng Period of Qing Dynasty. Only three of them were restored in QingDynasty. We can see that the stone carvings on the bridge deck and bridgefoundation are still relics of Ming Dynasty, and the bridge railings wererebuilt in Qing Dynasty. Starting from here, the building is in accordance withChinese tradition, with the north facing south and the central axissymmetrical.

Up the slope, the first thing we see is the square gate of Wenwu, which isthe gate of the mausoleum palace. Its yellow tile, red door and red wall set offeach other, showing the royal style. This gate was rebuilt in 1988 according tohistorical materials. In front of the gate, on the east side of the wall, thereis a special notice tablet, which was erected in the first year of Xuantong. Itis written in the characters of Japan, Germany, Italy, France, Britain andRussia. The content is to warn visitors to protect Xiaoling.

Entering the Wenwu square gate, we come to the Beidian. The Beidian wasoriginally the gate in front of the Xiaoling hall. Because the gate wasdestroyed in the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the destroyed gate wasrebuilt into a Beidian in the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. There are fiveinscriptions in the hall. In the middle of the five inscriptions, "Zhilong Tangand Song Dynasty" is inscribed in the handwriting of Emperor Kangxi, which meansthat Zhu Yuanzhangs achievements in governing the country surpass those ofEmperor Taizong Li Shimin and Emperor Songtai in the Tang Dynasty Zhao Kuangyin.Kangxi, as the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, showed his respect and admirationfor Zhu Yuanzhang on the one hand, and on the other hand, he had his own goodintentions. At the beginning of the reign of Kangxi, the Han people did notaccept the Manchu rule. Kangxi knew that it was not enough to rely on theManchus high pressure policy alone, but also on the Han people. He visitedXiaoling of Ming Dynasty six times and five times in his life. He knelt downthree times and kowtowed nine times. In 1699, when he visited Xiaoling of MingDynasty for the third time, he wrote "Zhilong Tang and Song Dynasty" to win thehearts of the people. Next to them are two steles inscribed by Emperor Qianlongwhen he visited the mausoleum. There are also two lying steles on the back,which respectively record the first and third visits to Taizu mausoleum duringEmperor Kangxis southern tour. There are records written by Tao Dai, governorof Liangjiang and Cao Yin, weaving doctor in Jiangnan.

This building is the former site of Xiaoling hall, which is the mainbuilding of Xiaoling. You can see the three-story xumizuo platform base of theoriginal white marble. The platform base is three meters high. The four cornersof the three-story platform base are still left with stone carved head. Thereare three steps around the platform base. Its the middle of the road. On thethird floor of xumizuo is the hall of enjoyment, which is dedicated to ZhuYuanzhang and empress ma. The original palace was destroyed by the war inXianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now we can see 56 huge stone pillars on theplatform foundation, each with a diameter of 0.91 meters. Its easy to imaginehow spectacular the hall was at that time. At that time, the hall of Xiaolingwas nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, with double eaves, covered with yellowglazed tiles and a bucket arch overhanging eaves. The scale of Xiaoling was muchlarger than that of Changling Hall of Ming Chengzu in Beijing. What we see nowis the three Bay small hall restored during the reign of Tongzhi in the QingDynasty, which is not as large as before.

Passing through the inner red gate and the Shengxian bridge, the buildingin front of you is Fangcheng. Fangcheng is a huge building in front of Baoding.The outside is made of big stones and huge bricks. There are eight characterwalls on the East and west sides of Fangcheng. The four corners of the wall aredecorated with brick carvings. These brick carvings are representative works ofthe early Ming Dynasty. Passing through the 54th level corridor in the center ofFangcheng, you can see the south wall of Baocheng. On the front of the wall, youcan see that it is built with 13 layers of stones. It is said that the sevencharacters were engraved in the early years of the Republic of China to answervisitors questions.

From the East-West corridor between Baocheng and Fangcheng, you can climbto the minglou. It was originally a beautiful building with double eaves andyellow glazed tiles. It was destroyed by the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdomin the Qing Dynasty. Only four walls are left. In 20__, the minglou protectionproject was completed, and it has been restored. In July 20__, the minglou wasofficially opened to tourists, showing the distribution of Ming Dynasty in ChinaThere are 19 mausoleums of emperors in China.

Behind the Fangcheng is Baoding, which is a large round mound with adiameter of 325-400m. On the top of the mound are towering trees, and below itis the palace where empress Ma of Zhu Yuanzhang was buried. Baocheng is a brickcity with a circumference of 1100 meters around Baoding. The imperial mausoleumin Baoding of Baocheng city is the first mausoleum in Ming and Qing Dynastiesfor more than 500 years. Its just that the Ming Dynastys top is roughly round,while the Qing Dynastys Mausoleums top is oval.

Today, the east side of the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty haspreserved the site of the Dongling Mausoleum of Zhu Biao, Prince of the MingDynasty.

In ancient China, the imperial mausoleum was originally built in Fangshangof Qin and Han Dynasties. The representative mausoleum was Qinshihuang Mausoleumin Shaanxi Province. In Tang Dynasty, it was changed to the mausoleum near themountain. The representative mausoleum included Tang Qianling Mausoleum of LiZhi, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian of Shaanxi Province.In Song Dynasty, the imperial mausoleum was built in Fangshang of relativelysmall scale. In Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang initiated the mausoleum form ofBaocheng Baoding mausoleum and former dynasty and later Dynasty mausoleum.

The Ming Dynasty established its capital in 1368 and perished in 1644.There were 16 emperors before and after it. Except for the Ming XiaolingMausoleum in Nanjing, the rest of the mausoleums were in Beijing. Only JianwenEmperor Zhu Yunwen had no mausoleum. Many tombs of the Ming Dynasty have left uscountless places to watch.

As the remains of Chinese culture, ancient Chinese mausoleums have leftimportant material materials for later generations to study and understandancient Chinese economy and culture. Dear tourist friends, todays visit iscoming to an end. Thank you for your cooperation in my tour guide work. Welcometo visit Ming Xiaoling again!

以前郑州没有海洋馆，每次出去旅游，只要有海洋馆，爸爸妈妈就会带我去看看。我参观过北京，上海还有青岛的海洋馆，每个地方的都各不相同。现在我们郑州也建了一个海洋馆，我高兴极了。五一的时候，妈妈带我参观了郑州的海洋馆。

进入海洋馆，就能看见一个个各不相同的玻璃池里游动着的鱼群。有海马，潜水艇鱼，刀片鱼等，都是我们平时很少见的。有的鱼样子很怪，上嘴唇很长，下嘴唇很短，像鸭子的嘴一样。还有很多鱼身上色彩斑斓，有红色，黄色，蓝色，绿色，就像穿着一件五彩缤纷的花衣裳，美丽极了。

海洋馆里还有一条海底隧道，它就是穿梭在水里的一个玻璃的密封通道，就像走在大海里一样。抬起头，我们就可以看到很多的鱼，有鲨鱼，海龟，还有象一把大扇子一样的鳐，拖着一条长长细细的尾巴，从我们的头顶上游过。我们可以清楚地看到鳐的肚子上有几个小洞，一张一合，大概是在呼吸吧，真是好玩。

不光可以看到不同的鱼，海洋馆里还有各种表演。我们看了小海狮表演的套圈，顶球，还有潜水员装扮成的美人鱼，表演的童话故事。最后，我们在海龟池边用白菜喂了海龟，还在小小的触摸池里亲自摸了摸海星，它肉乎乎的，不软也不硬。

我真喜欢我们郑州的海洋馆。

在夫子庙的东边有座江南贡院，是当年科举考试场所，也是我国古代最大的科举考试的遗。科举制度发源于隋唐时期，当时有号20644间。科举考试分为院试、乡试、会试、殿试四个等级。在院试中考中的是生员，也就是“秀才”，秀才参加第二级考试“乡试”，考中的人称“举人”，举人参加第三级考试“会试”，会试考中是“贡士”，贡士有资格参加最高一级的考试“殿试”，由皇帝主考，第一名是状元，第二名是榜眼，第三名是探花。

在夫子庙周围还有一些著名的景点，东晋书法家王献之迎接爱妾桃叶的桃叶渡;吴敬梓故居陈列馆;东晋名望族王导、谢安古居及乌衣巷;明末传奇风尘女子李香君媚香楼等。好，游客们，今天的游览至此结束，再见!

问答

1、孔子生平及主要著作?

孔子，鲁国人，名丘，字仲尼。出生于公元前551年，死于公元前479

年，享年73岁。是儒家学派的创始人，我国古代著名的思想家教育家。他编订了《诗》《书》《礼》易》《乐》《春秋》，其中《诗经》是我国最早的诗歌总集，他还编写了现存最早的偏年史《春秋》

2、夫子庙在我国众多孔庙中有哪些特点?

庙市合一，它先有学宫后有孔庙，有全国最大的照璧(长110米，高10米)，有唯一用天然河道形成的泮池，有全国最大的孔子铜像，画像。

3、夫子庙的建筑特色及旅游特点是什么?

“青砖小瓦马头墙，回廊挂落花阁窗”的典型徽派建筑风格，集庙、市、景合一。

4、什么是泮池，照壁有什么作用?

所谓天子之学为“雍”，诸侯之学称为“泮”。当年鲁国于泮水河畔建学宫，后人纷纷效仿，在孔庙前修一水池称为泮池。南京夫子庙前的泮池是利用天然河道内秦淮河而形成的。照壁起遮蔽和装饰用。

5、夫子庙的泮池和寺庙前的放生池有什么区别?

相同点是古代的木结构建筑易起火，泮池和放生池都是便于防火救火。 不同点：夫子庙前的泮池为月牙形，沿袭传统，教化黎民百姓像流水一样源远流长。

寺庙前的放生池为圆形或半圆形，是供寺庙内和尚放生用的。

6、桃花扇是一部什么样的书?讲述了什么故事?

《桃花扇》是一部以南明王朝的兴亡为内容的历史悲剧，共40出，故事内容是以复社名士侯方域与秦淮名妓李香君的爱情故事为主线，深刻地反映了南明王朝灭亡的历史和当时的社会面貌，揭露了南明王朝政治的腐败和衰亡原因，作者的创作意图是“借离合之情，写兴亡之感”，以巨大的艺术感染力，吸引了众多的读者和观众。

7、国子监是一个什么样的机构?

明代的国子监是当时我国最大的国立大学，他们除了教学授课外，还整理编订了世界上最大的一部百科全书《永乐大典》。国子监学生最多时多达9972名。

8、“文德桥的栏杆—靠不住院”是什么意思?

因文德桥在每年的阴历十一月十五子时，月正当头，人立桥头自顾无影，桥的东西水面各有一半牙儿的倒影，相传古人在桥上争看这一奇景，曾数次将桥栏杆挤塌，故有此说，现在这句歇后语形容好说大话，吹牛皮的人。

9、 为何何孔庙的门都叫“大成门”，大殿都叫“大成殿”

表示孔子是中国古代文化的集大成者。

10、 大成门内四块碑的名称，内容是什么?

a)孔子问礼图碑：记载孔子抱着兴国安邦，济世访贤的愿望，从山东曲阜前往洛阳寻求巩固鲁国政权的办法，图上绘的是孔子跪在洛阳城门外，向坐在马车上的老子请教。

b) 《集庆孔子庙碑》撰写碑文的是元朝翰林院学士卢挚，内容是“诏以兴学作士为王政”强调教育及培养人才是立国之本。

c) 《封四氏碑》：是元文宗加封孔子最有成就的弟子颜回、曾参、孔伋、孟轲为四亚圣，刻于1331年

d) 《封至圣夫人碑》是元文宗加封孔子夫人的碑，因孔子在元朝被封为大成至圣文宣王，所以加封孔子夫人为至圣夫人，刻于1331年。

11、 中国科举制度始于何年，终于何年?始于隋朝，终于清末1905年。

闻名遐迩的“东飞天”就在中102号佛龛中。

南齐永明七年(489年),明僧绍之子与智度禅师合作开凿三圣像以纪念明僧绍。

梁大同六年(540年)三圣像佛龛上出现佛光,惊动齐梁贵族,于是纷纷前来凿石造像,从南朝齐永明二年至梁天监十年(484-511年)逐渐开凿而成。

又据传,栖霞寺创建人僧绍曾梦见西岩壁上有如来佛光,于是立志在此凿造佛像。

他病故后,其子在南齐永明二年(484年)开始与僧智度禅师在西壁上凿佛龛,镌刻了三尊佛像,这三佛合称“西方三圣”,该殿也称“三圣殿”。

所有佛像或五六尊一龛,或七八尊一室。

佛像始有515尊,分凿于294个佛龛中,望之如峰房鸽舍,号称千佛崖。

后来,唐、宋、元、明各代相继在纱帽峰都有开凿,连南朝在内,共有700尊。

佛像大者高数丈,小者仅盈尺。

其中“大佛阁”为开凿时间最早、规模最大的一座石窟,凿于南齐永明七年(公元489年),正中无量寿佛坐像高达12米。

20__年南京旅游界要说有什么大事恐怕只有栖霞山发现“东飞天”,各大媒体更是抓住这一热点进行大量报道,学术界也展开了激烈的讨论,使“东敦煌”、“东飞天”蜚声海内外,很多人慕名而来。

“东飞天”位于中102号佛龛中。

这个洞龛非常小,共有5座佛像,洞顶的两组飞天为橙色,线条清晰可辨,中间佛像头顶的火焰隐约可见。

虽然仅有这么两对飞天,但这是我国所发现的最东部的“敦煌遗迹”。

最近又传来消息称在千佛岩旁的舍利塔上又发现了飞天浮雕,其所用技法和人物线条皆与敦煌相似,据有关报道称,这一发现进一步丰富了"东敦煌"的文化内容。

舍利塔始建于隋仁寿元年(601年),始为木塔,后毁于唐武宗会昌年间。

现存之塔系南唐时高越、林仁肇建造。

从栖霞寺南侧围墙外山路向东行不远,就可看到舍利塔,该塔用白石砌成,五层八面,高约18米。

塔外壁上刻有浮雕,形象姿态生动传神。

塔基上刻着释迦牟尼出家修道的故事,依次是托胎、诞生、出游、苦行、坐禅、说法、降魔、涅般。

该塔为五级八面密檐式石塔,高18.04米。

塔基上浮雕释迦八相图和海石榴、鱼、龙、凤、花卉等图案;塔身刻有高浮雕天王像、普贤骑象图和文殊菩萨像,像上还刻有“匠人徐知谦”等题名。

塔檐下雕飞天、乐天、供养人等像。

第二层以上每面都刻两个圆拱形龛,均内雕一酋跏趺坐佛,共计64尊,雕刻精细,甚为生动。

全塔造型典雅、秀美,雕刻细腻、精湛,装饰华丽,为佛教艺术在江南的代表作,在中国古代建筑史上占有重要的地位。

"Lherbe sauvage près du pont zhuque, le coucher de soleil à lentrée de laruelle Wuyi..."Cétait ma première connaissance du temple Confucius quandjétais enfant.

Je ne sais pas, jai peur.Si vous êtes un touriste, vous êtes déjà venu àNanjing, mais vous nêtes pas allé au temple Confucius, cest vraimentblanc!

Le temple Confucius est un lieu pittoresque célèbre à Nanjing avec unelongue histoire.Le temple Confucius sappuie sur la rivière Qinhuai, qui est laRivière mère de Nanjing, tout comme la rivière Yangtze et la rivière jaune rivière Qinhuai est bordée de vagues bleues et scintillantes. De tempsen temps, de jolis petits poissons sautent de leau. Asseyez - vous sur lebateau de peinture du temple Confucius et regardez le paysage. Il ny a pas dego?t.

Pour voir le temple du ma?tre, venez la nuit.? ce moment - là, le templeConfucius était lumineux et lumineux avec des néons colorés. Il semblait quelaurore sétait produite au - dessus de la ville. Il était magnifique. En cemoment, les gens sont venus au temple Confucius pour errer malgré la fatigue dela nuit.Faim? Ha ha ha, pas de problème! Folloe me! Soupe de vermicelles de sangde canard, sac de soupe de jus de poulet, kebabs dagneau, pas assez pour KFC!McDonalds aussi! Et des collations classiques comme le tofu puant deNanjing...Oui! Et le canard deau salée! Le canard deau salée est unespécialité de Nanjing! Bienvenue à déguster! Lun des canards deau salée est lecanard osmanthus, qui est raffiné au niveau du Canard d deau salée et contientlodeur douce de losmanthus.Le temple Confucius quand les gens ne sont pas "lepont lion n° 2" juste manger, il ya aussi beaucoup de magasins à la mode pourvous.Bien s?r, vos yeux ne seront pas oisifs, le temple Confucius est un ancienb?timent il y a longtemps, contient la saveur de lancien Nanjing, les murs dela sculpture fine, le toit des motifs nationaux magnifiques, ne peut pas êtrebeau.De plus, la rivière Qinhuai était plus belle cette nuit - là, et leauclaire reflétait le ciel étoilé, les arbres verts, les b?timents et les lumièrescolorées qui illuminaient la rivière Qinhuai.

Au festival des lanternes, le temple Confucius est encore plus bondé degens. Il y a de petits magasins vendant des Lanternes dans les rues et lesruelles. Il y a de belles lanternes de lapin, des Lanternes de cheval ancienneset des Lanternes de Confucius.En plus des lanternes, il y a beaucoup de magasinsde lanternes dans le temple du ma?tre pendant les jours du Festival deslanternes.Les lanternes sont grandes et petites, les grandes contiennent dusésame, les petites bulles deau sucrée, sont très savoureuses.

Nous croyons que non seulement le temple Confucius, mais aussi Nanjing,cette ville historique, lavenir sera plus beau!

Hello, everyone! Welcome to Nanjing Confucius Temple. The Confucius Templeis located on the Bank of Qinhuai River in the south of the city. It is ahistoric site and tourist attraction that Nanjing people are proud of. It is aprosperous place where culture, commerce, sightseeing center and Temple marketare integrated.

Confucius Temple, also known as Confucius Temple and Confucian temple, is aplace to offer sacrifices to Confucius, a famous educator and thinker in China.Confucius was honored as Confucius in ancient times, so his temple is commonlyknown as "Confucius Temple". Due to the orthodox status of Confucianism, itsfounder Confucius was highly respected by the rulers and scholars of feudalsociety. There were more than one Confucius temples all over the country. As aplace for feudal scholars to worship, Confucius Temple is mostly arrangedtogether with educational facilities (such as school palace, Gong Yuan, etc.),that is, the so-called temple is attached to school, usually in front or on oneside of the school palace.

Historically, there were three Confucius temples in the urban area ofNanjing, one in the compound of the current municipal government and the otherin the Chaotian Palace. Now we are going to visit the third and most famousplace. It was moved from Chaotian Palace in the first year of Jingyou of SongDynasty (1034). At first, it was Jiankang school, Jiqing road school in YuanDynasty, Guoxue in Ming Dynasty, yingtianfu school in Qing Dynasty, andJiangning school and Shangyuan school in Qing Dynasty. It was destroyed in theXianfeng Period, rebuilt in the Tongzhi period (1869), and burned by theJapanese during the Anti Japanese war. The existing Confucius Temple was rebuiltin the early 1980s. It uses the former temple and the later school, ConfuciusTemple in the front and the Academy in the back, and the later Gong Yuan isarranged on the left side of the Academy. Therefore, the relatively completepattern of Confucius Temple in Nanjing includes three parts, namely, ConfuciusTemple, Academy and Gongyuan. The North-South central axis with Dacheng hall asthe center and the main buildings on both sides and the Jiangnan Gongyuanexhibition hall with Mingyuan building as the center have become the maintourist spots in the Confucius Temple area.

Due to its long history and convenient water transportation, ConfuciusTemple area has become a famous "beautiful place" and a place where celebritieslive in ancient Nanjing before the appearance of Confucius Temple. Therefore, inaddition to the main scenic spots mentioned above, there are also scenic spotssuch as Wu Jingzis former residence, ancient taoyedu, Cuiyuan, one hundred yearold shop Street, wendeqiao, Wang Xies former residence, Wuyi lane, meixianglou,etc.

Now we are standing at the starting point of the central axis of ConfuciusTemple - Confucius Temple Square. Looking around, there are panchi, Zhaobi andmufang in the south, Juxing Pavilion, KuiGuang Pavilion and business district inthe East and West, Dacheng hall in the central axis and the East and West citieson the East and west sides of Confucius Temple in the north, which form theunique atmosphere of Confucius Temple area different from other cities, that is,the pattern of Temple market integration in history.

Look at the river in front of the square. Its called Qinhuai River. Itsthe mother river of Nanjing people. Its 110 kilometers long and gave birth tothe early Nanjing civilization. The section that flows through the square is apart of the Inner Qinhuai River. When the temple was built, it was transformedinto panchi, named after the water flowing through the Confucius Temple in Qufu.A red wall on the south bank is a large screen wall built in the Wanli period ofthe Ming Dynasty (1575). It is 110 meters long and majestic. It is the largestscreen wall in China. Zhaobi played a role of shelter and decoration, which wasthe beginning of the whole Confucius Temple complex. The stone railings on theNorth Bank of panchi were built in Zhengde (1514) of the Ming Dynasty. Aftermany vicissitudes, they became the only best preserved ancient architecturalsketch in the Confucius Temple complex, which had been repaired before the AntiJapanese war. Here, visitors take a rest on the fence and enjoy the beautifulscenery of Qinhuai.

The Wende bridge on the west side of panchi is now hanbaiyu bridge. It gotits name from the Confucian schools advocacy of article morality. Because thedirection of the bridge is the same as that of the meridian, every November 15of the lunar calendar, when the bright moon is in the sky and you look down fromthe railing, you can see the shadow of the bridge on both sides of the bridge.The bright moon in the river is divided into two and a half months, which iscalled "Wen de Fen Yue". Wu Jingzi recorded it in his book scholars. If you havea chance, you might as well come to Wende bridge on November 15 of the lunarcalendar to have a look.

A group of Hui style buildings at the entrance of South Wuyi lane ofwendeqiao is called "Wangxie ancient residence". As the settlement area of WangXie and Wang Xie in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it has a great influence,especially the verses of Wu Yi Xiang, the famous work of Liu Yuxi in TangDynasty, which makes Wu Yi Xiang and Wang Xies former residence very famous,and now it is "the historical and cultural exhibition Hall of Six Dynasties inNanjing." You can visit it when you have time.

Now, to the north of the stone column is the newly rebuilt Tianxia Wenshusquare, which indicates that it is the cultural center of Tianxia. Three doorsand four pillars, quite spectacular. In ancient times, it corresponded to theLingxing gate at the back, which was used for the emperors to go on a pilgrimageto worship Confucius. The high gate square in the middle was the royal roadwhere the emperor was lucky to come. It was used for the princes of the countyto go in and out. The ordinary officials and subjects could not pass through, soit was usually closed with wooden fences.

The star gathering Pavilion on the west side of the square in front of thetemple has a hexagonal cornice, which is simple and elegant. It looks like atwo-layer structure with double cornices on the outside. In fact, it has onlyone floor. The name of the pavilion is the gathering of stars and talents. Inthe East, the small courtyard facing the water is KuiGuang Pavilion. The KuixingPavilion in the pavilion has three floors and six sides, and faces QinhuaiRiver. The scenery is unique. In ancient times, there was a saying of "Kui ZhuWen". Kuixing, or Kuixing, is a sign of prosperity of the literary movement anda symbol of winning the first place in the imperial examination. Therefore,Kuixing was regarded as a God by the students of the past dynasties. KuiGuangPavilion and Juxing Pavilion look at each other from the east to the west,echoing each other and integrating into one.

The stone square gate in the north of the square in front of the temple isthe first gate of the Confucius Temple - Lingxing gate, with six columns andthree gates. It is simple and beautiful, and the lintel in the middle isengraved with the seal character "Lingxing gate". Lingxing is the "Wenxing" inancient astronomy. The reason why it is named is to show that scholars in theworld gather here. The brick relief inlaid with peony pattern between the threedoors is exquisitely carved and gorgeous. The top of the stone column is made ofcloud plate, which means Huabiao, as a sign. This is the gate for the emperor toworship Confucius.

After passing the Lingxing gate, we came to the Dacheng gate of Dachenghall.

Dachengmen, also known as Jimen, is the main gate of Confucius Temple, withZhijing gate on both sides. In feudal times, only officials could get in and outof dachengmen, while ordinary scholars could only get in and out from otherdoors. Entering the gate, there are four ancient steles on the left and right:in the East, there are the stele of fengzhishengs wife in 1331, the remnantstele of Jiqing Confucius Temple in 1330, and the stele of kongyuwenli in 484,which was moved by the municipal government. This book is based on the picturestele of Confucius asking for rites.

On both sides of the courtyard and corridor are arranged eight ofConfucius twelve students, namely min sang, ran Geng, ran Qiu, Duan Muzi, ranYong, Zai Yu, Yan Yan and Zhong you. They are all carved from white jade of HanDynasty. They are very devout and lifelike.

Looking forward, the platform in front of the Dacheng hall is Danlong,commonly known as the terrace. It is 1.4 meters high, 21.8 meters wide from eastto west, and 14.0 meters long from north to south. It is surrounded by stonerailings, 24 cloud looking pillars, and stone lanterns are set at the twocorners of the platform. This terrace is used for sacrifice, singing anddancing. The statue of Kongyu in the middle of the terrace is particularlyeye-catching. Its made of bronze, 4.18 meters long and weighs 37 tons. Itsexquisitely made, lifelike, full-bodied, with a kind and deep face. The eyebrowsreveal the wisdom of a great thinker and leave a very deep impression on people.On both sides of the terrace, there were two verandas, which were used toworship the memorial tablets of the 72 sages in Confucius gate and to storesacrificial, ceremonial and dancing utensils. Now it is reduced to a small twoveranda and changed into a stele gallery. There are more than 30 steles with inkmarks of famous calligraphers such as Zhao Puchu, Lin Sanzhi and Wu Zhongqi,which are displayed for tourists to enjoy.

At the end of the terrace is the majestic main hall of Confucius TempleDacheng hall, which is 16.22 meters high, 27.3 meters wide and 27.9 meters deep.It is an antique building on the top of chongcaoxie mountain. Under the eaves ofthe front, there is a sea blue vertical plaque, which reads "Dacheng hall".Confucius is the most sage and forerunner of Dacheng, and Dacheng refers toConfucius. The word "Dacheng" comes from "notes. Learning notes", which is thehighest level of learning. It can also be seen in Mencius wanzhang. "Confuciusis the sage of time. Confucius called it jidacheng. " There is a beautifulstanding sculpture of "double dragons playing with pearls" in the birds kiss onthe roof, which is the first of its kind in China; The light and beautifultendency of the roof covered with green tiles is obviously different from themagnificent tendency of the yellow glazed tiles used in the roof of the northernConfucius Temple. It is more easygoing and popular. This is also one of theperformances of Nanjing Confucius Temple closer to popular culture, or "do asthe Romans do". The whole building is magnificent with double eaves, crisscrossbrackets, seven couplets in the hall, 26 wooden columns in the corridor, 16lattice doors in the front and back, and purlins in the inner hall. In thecenter of the hall, there is a 6.5-meter-high and 3.5-meter-wide portrait ofConfucius, the largest in China. On the front two sides of the portrait, thereare another four of the 12 students, namely Mencius, Kongji, Zengshen andYanhui. In front of the portrait, there are also ancient musical instrumentssuch as Gong, Qin, wokonghou, chime, Bianzhong, guzheng and drum.

38 inlaid murals reflecting Confucius life stories are hung on thesurrounding walls, which are called "Confucius holy trace". They are made ofinner jade from Zhejiang, Fujian, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Qinghai, Guangxi,Guangdong and other provinces (regions), famous crystals from jixueleng,Shoushan stone, feicuilv, zhoucunleng and precious jewelry such as gold,jewelry, Luodian, etc. by 2oo craftsmen in Yueqing, Zhejiang Province. It takesthree years The total investment is 5.8 million yuan. The picture adopts theChinese classical panoramic composition method, supplemented by the detaileddescription of textual research, with fine workmanship, natural color, richthree-dimensional sense, giving people a sense of lifelike magic. Each sheet is2.5 meters high and 1.3 meters wide. There are 408 figures in the painting. Theshape is natural and lifelike. The 38 murals are the picture of the holy trace,the preface to the title, the prayer of Nishan, the Qilin Yushu, the ErlongWulao, the Juntian Shengjiang, the zudou Xueli, the functionary commissar, thename Rongfu, the functionary Chengtian, the questioner Laofu, Wenshao in Qi, YanYingju Feng in Yan, the retreat of Shishu, Jiagu Huiqi, returning to Tianxiegouo, zhushaozhengmao; the female music Wenma, and Yingu Qulu. Help peopleout. In Song Dynasty, people felled trees, attacked the Falcon, struck the chimeby Shiwei, learned to play Qin by Xiang, drove back to Xihe, asked linggongabout Chen, Zilu about Jin, in chenjueliang, zixijufeng, songqiuling, Xingtanritual music, kneeling by Chihong, Xishou Huolin, Mengdian Liangying, Zhirenbiegui, Han Gaosi to Lu. This is just like the couplet in the temple, which saysthat "Qi Bei Si Shi Xing heaven and earth, ghosts and gods, sun and moon are inaccordance with their virtue; teach the world to follow Yao, Shun, Yu and TangWenwu as teachers". The truth is that "the Tao of heaven and earth runs throughthe ancient and modern times, and the six classics are deleted and listed in theConstitution for all ages.".

From the north gate of Dacheng hall, you can enter Xuegong district throughDongshi.

Dongshi and Xishi have been changed from the East and West passagewayswhich used to enter and leave the academy to the places where the ships can sellgoods on the Qinhuai River. Now they have become the most distinctive places forarts and crafts, cultural goods sales and cultural activities in the ConfuciusTemple area.

The school palace was a place to cultivate talents in feudal times. Therewere different levels, such as county school, government school (road school,state school, etc.) and national school. They were all adjacent to ConfuciusTemple, which showed the orthodox status of Confucianism in building the countryand cultivating self. The school palace includes Mingde hall, Zunjing Pavilion,Jingyi Pavilion, Chongsheng temple and Qingyun tower. Entering the gate of theschool is the ancient Mingde hall. It is a place for scholars to listen to theirtutors preaching of holy teachings and instructions (ethics and governmentdecrees) after their monthly pilgrimage to the sun (i.e. Confucius), so as tocultivate their loyalty and patriotism. As for the name of mingdetang, sometourists may ask that there is only "Minglun hall" in the Confucius Templecomplex. Why Nanjing Confucius Temple is an exception, which is called"mingdetang"? Indeed, in Nanjing Confucius Temple, mingdetang was originallyalso called "Minglun hall". It was just Wen Tianxiang, the Prime Minister of theSouthern Song Dynasty, who was imprisoned when the yuan army was about toconquer Nanjing, in order to show that he would rather die than surrender Hechanged "Ming Lun Tang" into "Ming De Tang" in order to show his loyalty to thecountry and serve the people. Zunjing Pavilion, built in the middle of MingDynasty, is 18.7 meters high, with double eaves and T-shaped ridges on the topof the mountain. It is an extraordinary Hall for storing Confucian classics andteaching lectures. It is now an exhibition hall of folk customs. Standing sideby side with Zunjing pavilion are Chongsheng temple and Qingyun tower. Zunjingacademy is divided into two sides behind Zunjing Pavilion. In the Qing Dynasty,Qingyun building was changed into a library, and Zunjing Academy was used as alecture center, which is equivalent to the classroom now. The small highlandbehind the Zunjing Pavilion, called Weishan, has a Jingyi Pavilion. AllConfucian temples in the world have Jingyi Pavilion. It began in the Jiajingperiod of the Ming Dynasty. In the pavilion, the emperors motto of "JingyiZhen" was set up as the motto of the students. The so-called "respect one" isthe dedication to Confucianism.

After touring the Academy, walk tens of meters to the East past GongyuanWest Street, which is Jiangnan Gongyuan. During this period of time, I wouldlike to introduce to you some other information about the Confucius Temple. Inaddition to the buildings of Confucius Temple, there are more noticeable folkcustoms, characteristic markets and snacks in the area.

Dear friends, this is the end of the tour of Confucius Temple. Thank youfor your support and cooperation!

玄武湖兼有皇家园林的壮丽气势和江南山水的精巧雅秀。玄武湖总面积472公顷，北京颐和园是290公顷，西湖是560公顷，它介于二者之间，风景不殊，自有独到之处。说到那里，有的游客可能要问，为什么没有颐和园西湖名气大我能够告诉大家，自六朝之后，玄武湖是千年含羞深闺，此刻—-8显露芳容，便令人惊叹不已。下面的游览就会证明我言不虚。

各位游客，我们此刻走的大道叫翠虹堤，一路花坛首尾相连，四时鲜花不绝，湖边花柳夹道，仿佛彩虹飞跨，翠带铺陈。走完这段堤，即到了环洲。环洲是较早构成的湖中之岛，长如环臂，拥青抱绿，岸柳依依，烟水迷离，最具浓郁的清代金陵四十八景之一“后湖烟柳”的景观特色，故名环洲烟柳。烟柳二字就是风景欣赏中的朦胧美，“绿杨烟外晓寒轻”，碧玉妆成，遥烟近无。许多著名景点如瘦西湖的长堤春柳、西湖的柳浪闻莺都以柳命名。大家从两侧看过去，右边堤岸上，柳、樟高大成行，绿荫压水，休息座椅，卧花迎风，一派西湖风光，左边是翠虹堤的延伸，桐、柳参天，枝叶婆娑，不亚苏堤春晓。

大家看，我们正面是一组富有中国园林特色的大假山和奇峰妙石，假山以湖石堆就，高达6.7米，山形如云卷飞走，也似鹰博狮吼，气势嵯峨，流瀑飞下，叠落泉池，山径曲折，盘曲绕环，是假山叠石中的佳作。假山前的二块孤峰巨石“童子拜观音”，童子高4。2米，宽0.8米，形态虔诚恭敬，观音石高超6米，宽但是0.9米，顶如披巾，身形玉立，恰似大慈大悲的观音菩萨俯察世情，布施救苦救难之善，可谓神意天成。这块奇石和江南名石

——苏州留园冠云峰、上海豫园玉玲珑、杭州竹素园绉云峰同为中国园林山石中的极品，都具有“皱、瘦、透、漏”的山石审美特点，均为“花石纲”遗物。什么叫“花石纲”呢为了让大家更好地了解中国园林艺术，我不妨介绍一下。北宋皇帝宋徽宗赵佶治国无能，书画有道，生性风流，精于游乐，他下令全国征集奇峰名石进贡朝廷，运至开封，建造寿山艮岳，是历史上有名的假山杰作，这次贡石活动就叫“花石纲”。江南太湖一带，山灵毓秀，水溶石穿，自古多出奇石，称太湖石，在花石纲中也出产最多，在征集运输过程中有的船沉落水，有的被官员私留，散人民间，为历代高官巨商造园所追逐，引以为镇园之宝。此块观音石即为当时的遗物，明初为开国第一功臣徐达寻得，立于府邸花园，建国后从徐府遗址庭院中移到那里，昔日朝廷贡品、王府奇玩成为人民大众的欣赏对象。我还告诉大家假山奇峰是中国抽象艺术的表现作品，比西方近代流行的抽象派艺术要早几百年，不要小看这些石头，可大有来头大有学问哟。

南京夫子庙即孔庙，始建于宋景佑元年(公元1034年)，由东晋学宫扩建而成，位于秦淮河北岸的贡院街旁。夫子庙建筑群主要由孔庙、学宫、江南贡院荟萃而成，是秦淮风光的精华。

孔庙富有明清色彩。它以大成殿为中心，从照壁至卫山南南京《夫子庙》北成一条中轴线，左右建筑对称配列，占地广约26300平方米。四周围以高墙，配以门坊、角楼。

中心庙院：院内植有银杏八棵，古灯对称有致，中间一条笔直的石砌甬道通向大成殿前的丹墀，此丹墀是祭孔时举行乐舞的地方，正中竖立一尊青铜孔子塑像，高4.18米、重2500公斤，是全国最大的孔子青铜像。

大成殿：夫子庙的主殿，高16.22米，阔28.1米，深21.7米。殿内正中悬挂一幅全国最大的孔子画像，高6.50米、宽3.15米。殿内陈设仿制2500年前的编钟、编磬等十五种古代祭孔乐器，定期进行古曲、雅乐演奏，演出反映明人祭孔礼仪的大型明代祭孔乐舞，使观众听到春秋时代的“钟鼓之乐”、“琴瑟之声”，展现二千多年前另古乐风貌。大殿四周是孔子业绩图壁画，形神并具。

文化艺术展：中心庙院碑廊里陈列着被誉为“中华一绝”的雨花石展览。大成殿内也经常筹办其他历史文物和艺术品展，宣传中华民族的悠久文化。

从大成殿后门走出，即进入学宫参观区。学宫是科举时代本省学子读书的最高学府，为使士子接受教化，渐知遵循先圣先贤之道，所以学宫总是和孔庙建在一起。作为江苏古代文教中心的学宫位于大成殿后，以明德堂、尊经阁为主体，“东南第一学”门匾由清末状元秦大士题写。

游完学宫，向东过贡院西街走数十米，就是江南贡院。利用这一段时间，我给大家介绍一下夫子庙的其他情况。夫子庙地区除了夫子庙自身建筑之外，还有更为引人注目的民风民俗、特色市场和风味小吃。

其一，南京人向有过灯节的习俗，六朝时期佛兴灯旺，作为帝王之都的南京，每至元宵节，灯火满市井，为全国之冠。明朝时放灯时间延长，正月初八为上灯节。十八日为落灯节，是我国历史上为时最长的灯节，那时南京人几乎“家家走桥，人人看灯”，由此，延至清代以及近代，南京灯节都极为隆重，以夫子庙地区为最盛。建国以后，夫子庙灯会在政府的支持和组织下，每年的正月，夫子庙的大街小巷、店堂铺面、河房屋顶都挂满了各式各样的彩灯，前来观赏的人群络绎不绝，熙熙攘攘，煞是壮观，其规模之大、延续时间之长、灯彩式样之多，在全国同类灯会中均名列前茅。

其二，夫子庙除了它的文化特色外，其商业文化也比较发达，首先是夫子庙建筑群两侧的东、西二市就以其丰富的工艺美术晶、古玩、字画及其他文化用品交易而显示出文化的商业性价值，其次在夫子庙还有小商品市场、花鸟虫鱼市场和古玩、珍藏品交易市场，体现了南京人的一种闲适心态和文化品位。夫子庙已成为现代商品云集的商业中心区之一。

其三，夫子庙还是南京四时茶食的发源地,随着各种节令的更替和食俗的形成，夫子庙秦淮小吃因时更新，各种茶食店铺，摊贩小吃，应有尽有，成为我国东南地区历史最久、最独具特色的饮食文化旅游区。从泮池文德桥至文源桥方圆百米左右的市面，风味饮食店就有数十家之多。可谓咸甜荤素风味迥异;东西南北各有千秋。最著名的店面有百年老店永和园、六凤居、老正兴、奇芳阁、蒋有记等，风味名点和小吃有数百种，极大地强化了夫子庙的区域性特征。

Hello, everyone! Today we are going to visit the Confucius Temple on theBank of Qinhuai River. Speaking of Confucius Temple, we have to talk aboutQinhuai River, the mother river of Nanjing people. Qinhuai River, also known ashuaishui, Xiaojiang and longzangpu, is the ancient origin of Nanjing culture. Itenters the city from dongshuiguan and leaves the city from xishuiguan. It flowsthrough the section about ten li in front of the Confucius Temple, so it iscalled "ten li Qinhuai". From ancient times to the present, both sides of theQinhuai River are a prosperous scene. Du Mus poem in the Tang Dynasty says:"smoke cage, cold water cage, sand cage, Night Mooring Qinhuai near therestaurant. Business women do not know the hatred of national subjugation, butthey still sing "the flowers in the back court" across the river. Afterliberation, with the vigorous construction of Nanjing municipal government,todays ten mile Qinhuai River has become a national 5A scenic spot showing theunique style of Jiangnan.

The Confucius Temple consists of Confucius Temple, Academy and Gongyuan. Inthe Eastern Jin Dynasty, the imperial court built the Academy here; in the SongDynasty, the Confucius Temple was expanded on the former site of the Academy; inthe Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial examination hall Gongyuan was opened.However, the Confucius Temple was destroyed and built five times in history. Thelast one was destroyed in 1937 by the Japanese invaders. Todays ConfuciusTemple was rebuilt after 1984.

Temple Square (2 minutes)

Dear tourists, now we come to the square in front of the Confucius Temple.The integration of temple and market is one of the most remarkablecharacteristics of Confucius Temple. The square is a temple in the verticaldirection and a city in the horizontal direction. The temple and market areintegrated into a unique atmosphere. The red wall behind you is called Zhaobi,which has the functions of shielding, avoiding evil spirits and decoration. Itis 110 meters long and is the largest in China. The semicircular pool in frontof Zhaobi is called panchi. In ancient times, the place where the emperorlectured was called Biyong, the school palace where the princes lectured wascalled panchi, and the school palace of Confucius Temple was equivalent to theplace where the princes lectured. Therefore, this pool is called panchi. Thebridge on the west side of panchi is called Wende bridge, which is named for theConfucian advocating the moral of writing. Because the direction of the bridgeis consistent with the meridian, it is cultivated every year Around the 15th dayof November, the reflection of the bright moon in the sky will be divided intotwo parts by the shadow of the bridge. This spectacle is called "Wende dividingthe moon". There is a star gathering Pavilion on the west side of Wende BridgeSquare, which means "stars gather, talents gather". Facing this large archway,it is the "world Wenshu archway". The shape is four pillars and three doors,which means that it is the center of world culture. There is Kuixing Pavilion onthe south side of the archway. In ancient times, it was said that Kuixing was asign of prosperity of literature and also a symbol of winning the first place inthe imperial examination. Therefore, Kuixing was regarded as a God by studentsof all ages. In the north of the square is the Lingxing gate. It is said thatthe Lingxing gate is the cultural star in the sky and the star cluster in chargeof education. The reason for its name is that it means that the scholars of theworld gather here.

Dachengmen, terrace (1 minute)

Dacheng gate is the main gate of Dacheng hall and the main gate ofConfucius Temple. In the ancient feudal hierarchy, only officials could go inand out from Dacheng gate, while ordinary scholars could only go in and out fromthe side gate. Two big characters, Li and Ren, are engraved on the walls on bothsides behind the door, which are the core of Confucius thought and his lifelonggoal. Behind the Dacheng gate and in front of the Dacheng hall, there is acorridor. On both sides of the corridor, there are eight of the twelve studentsof Confucius. They are all carved from white jade of Han Dynasty. They are minsang, ran Geng, ran Qiu, Duanmu Ci, ran Yong, Zai Yu, Yan Yan Yan and Zhong you.At the end of the corridor is a terrace, which is 1.4 meters high, 21.8 meterslong from east to west, and 14 meters wide from north to south. It is surroundedby stone railings. In front of the terrace are two dragon play pearls and Danbistones, and on both sides are stone lamps. The terrace is a place for sacrifice,singing and dancing. In the middle of the terrace is a bronze statue ofConfucius. In front of the bronze statue is an iron censer, engraved with thetitle of "supreme saint and forerunner". With a height of 4.18 meters and aweight of 2.37 tons, the bronze statue is the largest one in the Confuciantemples in China. On both sides of the terrace, there used to be two verandahs,which were used to worship the memorial tablets of the 72 sages of Confucius andto store sacrificial, ceremonial and dancing utensils. Now they are reduced tosmall two verandahs and changed into stele corridors. There are more than 30steles with ink marks of famous calligraphers such as Zhao Puchu, Lin Sanzhi andWu Zhongqi for tourists to enjoy.

Dacheng Hall (2 minutes)

Dacheng hall is the landmark of Confucius Temple, 16.22 meters high, 27.3meters wide and 27.9 meters deep. The words "Dacheng hall" are written on thesea blue vertical plaque under the front eaves. There is a standing sculpture oftwo dragons playing with pearls on the roof of Dacheng hall, which is the firstof its kind in China. The light and beautiful style of the roof covered withgreen tiles is obviously different from that of the northern Confucius Templewith yellow glazed tiles. It is more easygoing and popular, which is one of themanifestations of Nanjing Confucius Temple closer to folk culture. In the centerof the hall, there is the largest portrait of Confucius in China. On the top ofthe portrait are three plaques, all of which are written by emperors of pastdynasties. They are "model of the world" by Kangxi, "with heaven and earth" byQianlong, and "Si Wen Zai Zi" by Guangxu. In front of the portrait stand fourstudents of Confucius, namely Mencius, Kongji, Zengshen and Yanhui. In front ofthe portrait are ancient musical instruments such as Qin, guzheng and drum. Onthe walls around, there are 38 inlaid murals reflecting Confucius life anddeeds, which are "the picture of Confucius miracles", carved by 200 craftsmenin Yueqing, Zhejiang Province, using famous jade, chicken blood jelly, Shoushanstone, gold, jewelry and other precious ornaments from Zhejiang, Fujian, InnerMongolia, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places. The total investment is 5.8million yuan, and the current value is more than 100 million yuan The 38 muralsare: the picture of the holy trace, the preface of the title, the prayer ofNishan, the book of Qilin jade, the two dragons and five elders, etc.

Inscriptions (1 minute)

From Dacheng hall, the ancient well on the right is Yutu spring. Accordingto records, Yutu spring was discovered and excavated by Qin Hui. Beside thespring stands the stele of raising money for imperial examinations, whichrecords the history of Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtangs donation of examineesfees to Beijing in the period of Liangjiang governor. On the other side, thereare four steles, the most famous of which is the stele of Confucius asking forrites, which was carved in the Southern Dynasty. It records the story ofConfucius seeking for rites from Laozi in Luoyang, the city where the emperorlived from the state of Lu to the state of Zhou, when slavery was about tocollapse at the end of the spring and Autumn period. In addition, it is the onlythree steles in Nanjing, namely, the stele of Jiqing Confucius Temple and thestele of fengzhishengfu The stele of man and the stele of FengSi.

A school: school gate (30 seconds), Mingde Hall (1 minute 30 seconds),Zunjing Pavilion and its surroundings (1 minute)

The academy is located in the rear of Dacheng hall. It is inscribed on thelintel of the gate in the south by Zeng Guofan, and on the lintel of the gate inthe north by Qin Dashi, the number one scholar in the southeast. Entering thegate of the Academy, you can see a bell and a drum standing in the two pavilionson the left and right. On the forehead of the pavilions are the words "Xi Li"and "Yang Sheng", which were used by scholars to worship Confucius in ancienttimes.

Facing the gate of the school is Mingde hall, whose name is inscribed byWen Tianxiang. Mingde hall is the place where students gather. After thepilgrimage every month, students gather here to teach their tutors to preach theholy doctrine and the imperial edict, so as to cultivate their loyalty andpatriotism. Ming De Tang was originally named "Ming Lun Tang". When the yuanarmy was about to conquer Nanjing, Wen Tianxiang changed "Ming Lun Tang" to"Ming De Tang" by hand in order to show his determination to die rather thansurrender and his ambition to serve the country and the people.

The Zunjing Pavilion behind Mingde hall is three stories high, with doubleeaves and T-shaped ridges on the top of the mountain. It was a lecture hallwhere Confucian classics were stored and lectures were given. Now it is a museumof folk customs. Standing side by side with Zunjing pavilion are Chongshengtemple and Qingyun tower. Zunjing academy is divided into two sides behindZunjing Pavilion. Chongsheng temple was originally dedicated to Confuciusancestors, but now it is pear garden. Qingyun building was changed into alibrary in the Qing Dynasty. Zunjing academy is a place for lectures, which isequivalent to the present classroom. The small highland behind Zunjing Pavilionis called Weishan, with Jingyi pavilion built. The so-called "Jingyi" is thedevotion to Confucianism.

Other (1 minute)

Ladies and gentlemen, the Confucius Temple is prosperous during the day,and the Confucius Temple at night is even more colorful! As early as thenorthern and Southern Dynasties, there was a Jinling Lantern Festival on theQinhuai River, and it reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty. The Qinhuai River inthe sound of oars and lights is unique in the world. Todays Confucius Templefollows the Huizhou architectural style of "blue brick, small tile, horse headwall, cloister with falling flowers and windows". When tourists come here, theycan not only appreciate the traditional culture, but also taste the uniqueQinhuai snacks, explore the legend of Qinhuai Bayan, enjoy the scenery on bothsides of the Strait by Qinhuai boat, or explore the traces of celebrities suchas Wuyi lane, former residence of Wang Dao xiean and former residence of LiXiangjun. This is the end of my explanation. Thank you!

B Gongyuan front street, Mingyuan building (1 minute 30 seconds)

Now we come to the front street of Gongyuan. There are six statues standingin the street. They are all talented people from all dynasties. They are TangYin, Wu Chengen, Zheng Banqiao, Wu Jingzi, Lin Zexu and Zhang Jian. On the eastside of the sculpture, there are 11 stone tablets, which record the rise andfall of the Gongyuan, as well as the praise, evaluation and chanting ofemperors, ministers and celebrities. In front of the front street is theGongyuan, on which there are couplets inscribed by Li Yu. It was built in theSouthern Song Dynasty and is specially used for holding imperial examinations.At first, the number of examinees was small and the scale was not large. It wasonly used for the examination of government and county schools. When the numberof examinees increased, it even needed to borrow temples as temporaryexamination rooms. In the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the Gongyuan wasrebuilt. Later, the scale of Nanjing Gongyuan continued to expand. When it wasofficially named "Jiangnan Gongyuan" in the Qing Dynasty, it reached anunprecedented trend, starting from yaojiaxiang in the East, In the west, thereare more than 20000 houses, bordering on the Qinhuai River in the South andJiankang road in the north. After the Republic of China, Gongyuan was neglected.Until today, only Mingyuan building has been preserved as a historical relic.Mingyuan building was used for warning and giving orders in the past imperialexaminations. In the arch on the first floor, there are stone tablets of Ming,Qing and Republic of China, which record the rise and fall of Jiangnan Gongyuanin detail and effectively preserve the scene of imperial examination hall infeudal times. In the 1980s, the relevant departments established "JiangnanGongyuan exhibition hall" here.

Dormitory (1 minute)

Now more than 40 houses have been restored in Gongyuan. In the order ofthousand characters, the houses are 6 feet high, 4 feet deep and 3 feet wide,with an area of no more than 1.5 square meters. There are only two boards ondisplay. Examinees have to stay in it for 9 days and have three exams. Eating,drinking and sleeping are all here. During the day, they answer questions on thechopping board, and at night, they close their clothes and sleep on the choppingboard. We can imagine the hardships of the examination in those years. In thewest side of Gongyuan, wax figures were used to show the examinees attitudes.In the east side was the tourist experience area. Interested friends canexperience it.

To court (1 minute 30 seconds)

The imperial examination began in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and ended inthe late Qing Dynasty, which lasted for 1300 years. In the Ming and QingDynasties, it gradually formed four levels of examination, namely, childrensexamination, rural examination, general examination and palace examination. The"Zhigong hall" you can see in front of you used to be the public land run by theexaminers. The word "Zhigong" means "fair, just and equal". Now it is theimperial examination exhibition room, which is divided into three exhibitionhalls: East, West and East. In the middle of the exhibition hall is the imperialexamination culture exhibition room, in which there is a sculpture of Kuixingsfighting and monopolizing the first place. The horizontal shape next to it showsthe situation of No Its often spectacular. The pictures and materials on thewalls around introduce the origin and development of Chinas imperialexamination system. The number one scholar hall on the east side displays a listof the number one scholar in China. On the west side is the hall of fame, whichdisplays celebrities related to Jiangnan Gongyuan, as well as some pictures andmaterials related to the imperial examination.

This concludes the explanation of Confucius Temple. Thank you!

各位游客朋友们，现在我们位于莫愁湖，莫愁湖是一座有着1500年悠久历史和丰富人文资源的江南古典名园，为六朝胜迹，自古有“江南第一名湖”、“金陵第一名胜”、“金陵四十八景之首”等美誉。园内楼、轩、亭、榭错列有致，堤岸垂柳，海棠相间，湖水荡漾，碧波照人。胜棋楼、郁金堂、赏河厅、水榭、抱月楼、光华亭、曲径回廊等掩映在山石松竹、花木绿荫之中，一派“欲将西子莫愁比，难向烟波判是非。莫愁湖公园是一座有着1500年悠久历史和丰富人文资源的江南古典名园，为六朝胜迹。公园现有面积为58.36公顷，其中水面为32.36公顷。园内楼、轩、亭、榭错列有致，堤岸垂柳，水中海棠。胜棋楼、郁金堂、水榭、抱月楼、曲径回廊等掩映在山石松竹、花木绿荫之中。莫愁湖自古有“江南第一名湖”、“金陵第一名胜”、“金陵四十八景之首”等美誉。

莫愁湖，六朝时称横塘。全园面积54公顷，湖面约33.3公顷。在宋、元时即有盛名，明朝定都南京后更盛极一时。清乾隆年间，在园内建郁金堂，筑湖心亭，遂成“金陵第一名湖”。莫愁湖内湖面宽阔，盛产莲藕，莲花十顷更是六代名湖引人入胜之处。远在明清，莫愁湖就栽植了大量莲花，每逢炎夏，莲花盛开，翠盖红花，香风阵阵，恍若绝代的凌波仙子，出淤泥而不染。

莫愁湖名字由来的故事：莫愁是河南洛阳人，幼年丧母，与父亲相依为命。她文静，聪明好学，采桑、养蚕、纺织、刺绣样样拿的起来。邻居家的小孩念书，她听着记着，不但识的些字，连诗文也能吟咏几句，莫愁还和父亲学了一手采药治病的本领。十五岁那年，父亲在采药途中不幸坠崖身亡，莫愁因家境贫寒，只得卖身葬父。当时卢员外在洛阳做生意，见莫愁纯朴美丽，很同情她，便帮助莫愁料理了爹爹后事，带她来到建康，从此，莫愁嫁进卢家，成了员外的儿媳。莫愁婚后和丈夫恩恩爱爱，第二年生下了一个白白胖胖的儿子，取名阿候。虽然生活富裕，可莫愁时常想念家乡，怀念父亲，只有帮助穷人治病时才感觉快慰露出笑容。穷人们时常说：我们有了病啊痛啊的，见了莫愁，就什么忧愁也没啦!长此以往，莫愁女的名字就传开了。一日，梁武帝闻报水西门外卢家庄园牡丹花开，便着便服来员外家赏花，只见牡丹花交错如锦，夺目如霞，梁武帝惊得如痴如醉，遂问员外：此花何人所栽?卢员外跪答：此乃儿媳莫愁所栽。梁武帝不禁怦然心动，当即令传莫愁见驾。梁武帝见到莫愁如花容貌，不由神魂颠倒。回宫后，寝食难安，终于想出毒计，害死了卢公子，传旨选莫愁进宫为妃。莫愁得知，悲愤交加，决心宁为玉碎，不为瓦全，投石城湖而死。四周乡邻得知，纷纷来到湖边痛苦拜祭，怎么也不肯相信这么好的女子会投湖自尽。有人传说深夜听到莫愁的哭泣声，也有人说看到天上落下一只小船，载着莫愁悠悠而去……人们深深怀念她，为了纪念她，将石城湖改名为莫愁湖。梁武帝闻讯，自感惭愧，于是写下了《河中水之歌》：河中之水向东流，洛阳女儿名莫愁。莫愁十三能织绮，十四采桑南陌头，十五嫁为卢家妇，十六生子字阿候。卢家兰室桂为梁，中有郁金苏合香，头上金钗十二行，足下丝履五文章，珊瑚挂镜烂生光，平头奴子擎履箱。人生富贵何所望，恨不早嫁东家王。在她的故居郁金堂侧赏荷厅的莲花池内，塑起了一尊二米高的汉白玉塑像，为南京标志性景点之一。

莫愁湖内湖面宽阔，盛产莲藕，莲花十顷更是六代名湖引人入胜之处。莫愁湖公园里有大量海棠树，每年春季，海棠花便会盛开，有红的、有白的、有粉的......因此莫愁湖公园每年也会举行一年一度的海棠花会。

__年五一起莫愁湖公园从日本引进的大批鸢尾花卉在鸢尾专类园于游客见面。鸢尾专类园坐落在院内北圩水榭周边。是国内首家品种最多、栽植规模最大的菖蒲专类园。该园占地15亩，园中菖蒲遍植，以道路为界划分为黄菖蒲栽植区、燕子花栽植区、溪荪栽植区、品种栽植区。园内花卉品种丰富、色彩艳丽、花瓣各异、花型多变，形成了美丽的自然景观。

请看广场前的这一条河，它叫秦淮河，是南京人民的母亲河，全长110公里，孕育了早期的南京文明。流经广场的这一段是内秦淮河的一部分，建庙时被改造为泮池，因曲阜孔庙泮水流过而得名。南岸的一堵红墙，是建于明万历(1575年)年间的大照壁，长达110米，气势磅礴，为全国照壁之最。照壁起遮蔽和装饰作用，是整个夫子庙建筑群的开始。泮池北岸石栏则为明正德(1514年)年间所建，是历经了沧桑变迁之后，成为夫子庙建筑群中唯一保存最好的古代建筑小品，抗战前曾加以修整。游人至此，凭栏小憩，观览秦淮秀色，心旷神怡。

泮池西侧的文德桥现为汉白玉桥。因儒家提倡文章道德而得名。因为桥向与子午线方向一致，所以每逢农历11月15日子时左右，皓月当空，凭栏俯视，在桥的两边分别可看到桥影将河中明月分成两个半月，被称为“文德分月”。吴敬梓在《儒林外史》一书中就有记述，如果您有机会的话，不妨在农历11月15日来文德桥边看一看。

文德桥南乌衣巷口的一组徽派建筑群，为“王谢古居”。作为东晋豪族王谢两大家族聚居区，影响比较大，尤其是唐刘禹锡名作《乌衣巷》的诗句，使乌衣巷、王谢旧居变得非常有名，现为“南京六朝历史文化陈列馆。”大家有时间可以进去参观参观。

现在我们看石栏北侧是新复建的天下文枢坊，表明此处为天下文化中心。三门四柱，颇为壮观。在古代，它与后面的棂星门对应，用于帝王出巡朝圣祀孔，中间高门坊是皇帝幸临的御道，左右供郡亲王出入，一般的官员臣民不能通行，因而平时都用木栅栏封闭起来。

庙前广场西侧的聚星亭，六角飞檐、古朴大方，外表看双重飞檐翘角，貌似两层结构，其实只有一层，亭名取群星聚集、人才荟萃之意。再请看东边，临水而立的小院子是魁光阁，阁内的魁星亭，三层六面，下临秦淮，景致独特。古有“奎主文章”之说。奎星即魁星，是文运兴旺之兆，是科举时考试夺魁的象征，因而魁星被历代学子奉为神灵。魁光阁与聚星亭东西犄角相望，互为呼应，融为一体。

庙前广场北面的石砌坊门，是孔庙第一道大门—棂星门，六柱三门，古朴优美，中间横楣刻有篆文“棂星门”。棂星是古代天文学中的“文星”，取名之由是要表示天下文人学士集学于此的意思。三门之间镶嵌有牡丹图案的砖刻浮雕，精雕细琢，美仑美奂。石柱顶端皆用云板，即华表之意，作为一种标志。此乃皇帝祭孔的仪门。

各位游客你们好!欢迎大家来周庄游览。

在我们进入古镇主要景点之前，我先把周庄的情况简要介绍一下。

周庄地处苏州昆山市、吴江市、上海的青浦县三县市交界之处，东面不远就是有名的淀山湖，从这里乘汽车到上海的大观园只需要十几分钟。所以有人说：“周庄是淀山湖畔的一颗明珠。”

周庄，是一个有着九百多年历史的江南水乡古镇，它以悠远的传统，淳朴的民风，古老的建筑，清澄的河水和充满传奇色彩的人物，成为一片极有诱惑力的旅游胜地。著名古建筑专家罗哲文说;“周庄不仅是江苏省的一个宝，而且是国家的一个宝。”中国台湾经纬杂志盛赞周庄是“中国第一水乡”。还有不少人在游览了周庄之后，这样说道：“上有天堂，下有苏杭，中间还有一个周庄。”大家为周庄保存着如此众多的明清建筑而赞叹，为“小桥、流水、人家”的精美格局而眩惑，为处处可画、时时有诗的风情而陶醉，觉得周庄是无法重造的美丽水乡。

走到贞丰泽国牌坊前〕这里是石牌楼，巍然矗峙在这新老镇区的交界处，是古镇周庄的象征，上面镌刻有“贞丰泽国”四个字，为著名书法家沈鹏所写。“贞丰”是指周庄的原名为贞丰里，北宋元佑元年(1086年)，有一位姓周的迪功郎因信奉佛教，将两百亩庄田捐给当地的全福寺作为庙田，老百姓感其恩德，把贞丰里改为周庄。“泽国”是指四周环水的地方。坊柱上的一副对联，上联是“贞坚不贰攀日康庄有道路”，下联是“丰衣足食向阳桃李自逢时”，意思是说我们周庄人民在改革开放的大潮中走上了康庄大道，生活越来越富裕了。

大家跨过石牌楼就进入古镇区了，请回头再看，这里还有一幅对联：“万顷碧波水光潋滟晴方好;百尺临云塔影横斜景亦奇。”这是著名记者冯英子题写的。横额上书“唐风孑遗”。意思是在周庄，古代优秀的民族文化、古风遗韵还能看到一些。这是著名书法家费新我老先生在晚年高龄的时候用左手题写的，左下角还有他的落款呢!大家可以仔细辨认一下，是“新我左笔”四个字。这石牌楼和马路两旁飞檐翘角、黛瓦粉墙的房屋，以及高高耸立的古塔，构成了一个古建筑群，许多人都喜欢在这里留影，回头大家也可以在这里留个影。

〔边走边导游〕前面呢，有一座醒目的汉白玉照壁，它是为纪念古镇九百周年而建立的。它艺术地勾勒出了周庄悠久的历史。抬头看去，拱桥驳岸，风火墙和蠡窗黛瓦，无不给人以浓重的历史感。

周庄，是典型的江南水乡，有人把它比作“威尼斯”。四条河道交叉形成“井”字型将古镇分割，形成8条街道，15座各式小桥彩虹般横跨在“井”字型的河道上，给周庄增添了风采。镇上大部分居民住宅都临港背河。过街骑楼、临河水阁、(水墙门、长驳岸、河埠廊坊、穿竹石栏、水巷幽弄、深宅大院，处处显露出古朴幽雅，是中国水乡古镇风貌的“活化石”。吴冠中教授游览了周庄后说：“黄山集中国山川之美，周庄集中国水乡之美。”

前面有一座古桥，叫太平桥，建于清代。展现在大家眼前的是一幅动人的江南风情画，在沈厅的展览室里，可以看到日本著名女画家桥本心泉以它为主要背景的一幅名为《周庄的某一天》的油画。

这一条古街俗称一步街，因为它很窄，一步就可以跨过，街道两旁开店的店主不用走出店门，就可以互相握手或递东西表示友谊，所以又称友谊街。上面还有一线天，中间是过街楼、这种建筑在大城市里是很少见的，在周庄却有许多。

〔在双桥前停下来〕现在，我们已经来到了双桥，游览周庄双桥是不能不看的。大家看，这桥面一横一坚，桥洞一方一圆，样子很像是古时候人们使用的钥匙，所以当地人便称之为“钥匙桥”。这两座桥始建于明万历年间(1573～1620xx年)。这座石拱桥叫世德桥，横跨南北市河，长16米、宽3米、跨度5.9米。这座石梁桥叫永安桥，平架在银子浜口，长13.3米、宽2.4米、跨度3.5米。双桥最能体现古镇的神韵，等一会大家可以在这里拍照留念。双桥为什么会这么出名呢?那是1984年春天，上海著名旅美画家陈逸飞乘坐小船来到周庄，看到了双桥，觉得自己仿佛回到了记忆中的童年。于是，就以双桥为背景，创作了一幅题名为《故乡的回忆》的油画。后来这幅油画连同他的37幅作品一起在以美国西方石油公司董事长阿曼德.哈默名字命名的哈默画廊中展出。这幅画在当时引起了很大的轰动，后来，被阿曼德.哈默用高价购藏。同年十一月份，哈默先生在访问中国的时候，将这幅油画送给了邓小平。1985年，这幅画又经过陈逸飞的加工成为当时联合国首日封的图案，深受集邮爱好者和各界人士的青睐。经新闻媒体宣传，周庄古镇声名鹊起。陈逸飞的画使默默无闻的双桥走向了世界。钥匙桥不是钥匙胜过钥匙，因为它开启了周庄与国际交往的友谊之门。

〔过双桥〕各位游客，大家看，我们对面的一角，有小桥、流水、人家，这种景色，是我们周庄建筑内涵最丰富的一角。所以啊，不管是雨雪霏霏，还是赤日炎炎，喜欢画画的人都会在这里铺开画板，描绘着对岸的一景一物。我国的许多电影导演和演员，都把周庄作为最佳的外景地，先后在这里拍摄了《共和国不会忘记》、《聊斋志异》、《杨乃武与小白菜》、《济公游记》、《江南巨富沈万三》、《摇啊摇，摇到外婆桥》等数十部电影和电视剧。著名导演张艺谋说：“在周庄拍片子，很令人满意。”他追求的就是这种古宅的建 共4页,当前第1页1234

筑和幽深的水巷组成的文化氛围，这不是一时一日能制作出来的。

走到张厅〕现在，我们已经来到张厅，张厅是周庄仅存的少量明代建筑之一，为江苏省重点文物保护单位。张厅为明朝中山王徐达的弟弟徐孟清的后代所建。按理说徐家建的应叫徐厅，为什么叫张厅呢?那是在清朝初年的时候，徐家衰落了，就把这座房子卖给了一户姓张的人家，才被改名为张厅。让我们到张厅的正厅去看看。这儿是张厅的正厅“玉燕堂”。玉燕堂原名怡顺堂，早先门前有两棵玉兰树，春天一到，玉兰花开放，引来了许多燕子，燕子在屋檐下筑巢繁殖后代，被张厅的主人看见了，认为燕子和玉兰树给张厅带来了勃勃生机，于是就将怡顺堂改为玉燕堂。张厅的特点是“轿从门前进，船从家中过”。大厅的东侧，有一条幽暗深长的备弄，它的作用好像是现在大宾馆里的员工通道。请随我进去。

这儿就是“船自家中过”的地方。你们别看它窄窄的，可是它能通向外面的大湖。它有两个作用。一是张厅是一户大户人家，每天要消耗许多吃的、用的、穿的，都靠小船从这里运进运出。二是封建社会，时时会打仗，主人万一遇到什么不测，就可以坐着小船从这里逃生。我想各位一定想了解一些我们周庄风俗习惯吧!这儿我给大家介绍一下我们周庄的“阿婆茶”。“阿婆茶”就是一些上了年纪的老太太吃过午饭后闲在家没事干，就带上自己的小孙孙和一些自家腌制的酱瓜、菜苋等聚到一块儿，泡上一杯清淡的茶，一边品尝酱瓜什么的，一边谈天说地。有机会大家也可以去品尝一下。

〔出张厅，边走边讲〕各位游客，自从周庄的旅游事业发展以后，小商店日益增多，特别是旅游工艺品店，在这些商店里，有刺绣、雕刻、编织、字画、旅游食品等，繁荣了周庄的旅游市场，大家等会儿可以选购一些留作纪念。

(走到沈厅〕这里就是沈厅，为江南民居之最。沈厅是“七进五门楼”，它的七进可以分成三个部分，第一进是第一部分，是迎接客人的地方;第二、三、四进是沈厅的第二部分，是接待宾客的地方;第五、六、七进是第三部分，是沈家生活起居的地方。总之，这三部分可以用四个字来归纳：“前厅后堂”。好，下面我们进去看看沈厅。

这就是沈厅的第一进“水墙门”，以前水乡的主要交通工具都是船，所以这里是沈家的船码头，也是沈厅主人接送宾客的地方。

我们现在走进的沈厅的第二进“墙门楼”，又称旱墙门。是沈家办理婚丧大事、张灯结彩的地方，过路的人一看，不必进去，就知道今天沈家又有什么大事了。这里有一块沈厅的简介石碑，请大家先看一看吧!石碑旁有一段文字介绍，沈厅又名敬业堂。1995年，被列为江苏省文物保护单位。

这里就是沈厅的第三进了，叫茶厅。是船夫和轿夫喝茶的地方。因为在那时，船夫和轿夫是不能跟主人一块儿到里边去的。所以啊，这里的家具都很简陋。

我们已经来到了沈厅的第四进也就是沈厅的正厅松茂堂了。我们看这块匾上的“松茂堂”这三个字(，是清末状元张謇写的。这里是沈家主人招待贵宾的地方，所以这里的家具很讲究。沈厅一共有三帮建筑风格，在这里我们都能看见。请大家抬头看，屋梁上精美的雕刻有凤凰、仙鹤等。特别是这个图案，你们一定会说这是龙吧，嘿，这回你们可错了!龙，那时候就是天子的象征，沈厅是民居，所以就只能把它称作为“蟒”。这种雕刻属于“苏帮”艺术。这一进的屋顶有两层，我们现在看到的是下面一层，上面还有一个屋顶，这样的结构，可以起到防寒避暑的作用。我们再来看这个砖雕门楼，这是五个门楼中最宏伟的一个。上面的砖雕有《红楼梦》、《西厢记》中的情景。可惜的是在文化大革命中这些精美的砖雕都被破坏了，专家说已经很难修复，这些砖雕属于“徽帮”艺术。还有一帮是“绍帮”，那屋顶两旁的封火墙就是。松茂堂里边是沈家生活起居的地方，照以前的规矩我们是不能随便进去的。今天我们就破一次例，进去参观一下吧!沈厅是前厅后堂的建筑格局，我们已经来到了后堂，这里是大堂楼，现在是陈列室。请大家随便参观。

这就是沈厅的第六进，小堂楼。这尊塑像就是沈万三。沈万三是元末明初人，是一个富有传奇色彩的人物，号称江南第一大富豪。关于沈万三的富有，民间流传着很多说法。有人说：“沈万三有一只聚宝盆，金银财宝取之不尽，用之不竭。”也有人说：“沈万三左脚是金，右脚是银，凡是他走过的地方，都能挖到银子。”还有人说;“沈万三有点石成金的特殊本领。”这些呀，只不过是传说罢了。据专家考证：沈万三的富有有三个原因。一是靠躬耕起家的，院子里的这头牛就表明他是靠种田发财的。二是沈万三继承了人家的财产。第三也是最主要的一点，沈万三靠镇北边的那一条急水江和外国人做生意。他把江南一带的刺绣、丝绸卖给外国人，赚了大钱。用我们现在的话说就是做外贸。沈万三的富有不仅在我们江南一带数一数二的，而且在全国也很有名气。那时候朱元璋刚做上皇帝。由于连年打仗，没有多少钱，但是他又想在南京修城墙，怎么办呢?有一个大臣提议：“让富豪来承担这笔巨款。”于是，沈万三分到了建三分之一城墙的任务。当时沈万三想借这个机会来讨好朱元璋，便很爽快地拿出了许多钱。不久城墙修好了，而且修得很漂亮，沈万三心里很高兴，于是他想缟劳一下修城墙的士兵。谁知这件事情被朱元璋知道了，朱元璋本来就很眼红沈万三，这么一来他就找到借口了。朱元璋把沈万三抓了起来，说：“你要和我比富，还想收买军心，要夺我江山，这怎么了得。”于是就要把沈万三判死罪。多亏了那些文武百官出面求情，沈万三才免了一死，被发配到云南充军。沈万三的家人，杀头的杀头，坐牢的坐牢，家破人亡。他的家产也全部充公了。只有一个小孙子逃了出来，沈家才留下了一条根。我们现在看到的沈厅就是沈万三的后代沈本仁在乾隆七年时建造的。这塑像两旁的对联，上联是：甲万户起南浔周庄江南聚宝;下联是：称三秀居东宅客金陵浜东藏银。概括了沈万三的一生。

我们进去看看。

这里，就是沈厅的最后一进，第七进。是沈家吃饭的地方。桌子上摆的都是一些家常小菜，这中间的主菜是沈家特有的，叫万三蹄，它还是我们周庄的特产呢!现在商店里可以买到，大家可以买一只回去合家品尝品尝。人们都说：“万三蹄肥而不腻，酥而不烂”，真是席上珍品。隔壁是沈家的厨房。看，这个东西曾在《正大综艺》节目中登过场。大家也来猜猜，它是派什么用场的呢!不知道吧!这是挤甘蔗汁用的。这里还有许多以前用的器具。大家可以随意看看。

接下来请到楼上去看看。这里陈列有老爷房和小姐房。我们来看这只床，它叫千功床，它分三进有三个门帘。有许多精美的雕刻，让人看上去很复杂，可是整只床没有用一根钉子。到夏天时，天气炎热，可以把那些雕花板拆下来，里面就通风了。到了冬天，再可以装上去。那为什么叫它千功床呢?有二种说法：一说上面，许多栩栩如生的人物，是唐代李世民手下的开国功臣，为了缅怀那些大臣，就把他们刻在床上，所以称千功床。二说上面的精美图案，花了整整三年的时间才刻成，功夫太深，故称为千功床。其他的陈列物品，请大家随意看看。

这是沈厅的走马楼，所谓走马楼，就是楼道，绕着沈厅兜一圈。大家看，这儿有一块木板。我们从这里望下去，是我们刚才走过的松茂堂。平时，木板都是关着的。封建社会，女的是不能随便见客人的，所以就设计这么一个可以开、关的窗，逢到有客人来，女的就可以掀开一条缝偷偷地看了。古代小姐就是在这里看自己的未来丈夫的。好，请大家跟我走。这里呢，就是沈家逢年过节请戏班子唱戏的地方，这两边可以坐人。如果好好装饰一下的话，那可真是一个很不错的小舞台。到了此处，沈厅我们已参观完了。那么，沈厅的价值究竟在哪里呢?对!沈厅的价值就在于它不是官宅，而是民居。民居能有这么大的规模，而且保存了二百多年，这在江南一带是极罕见的。

〔出沈厅，到富安桥〕大家请看，展现在我们眼前的这座桥叫富安桥。它始建于公元1355年，明成化十四年(1478年)、嘉靖年间(1522～1566年)两次重修，为单孔拱桥。桥长17.4米，宽3.8米，跨度6.6米。清咸丰五年(1855年)重修，桥面改成花岗石，东西有级梯，中间为平面，刻有浮雕图案，桥身四角有桥楼，临波拔起，遥遥相对。据说沈万三的弟弟沈万四，因不愿重蹈其哥哥与朱元璋作对最终被发配充军的覆辙，主动捐钱为乡里做好事，曾捐钱修建过富安桥。富安桥的名字，就是表达了他富了以后祈求安康的心愿。

〔边走边导游〕各位游客，这儿还有穿竹石栏，很有特色，所以许多电影导演也都喜欢在这里拍镜头，像电视剧《柳亚子》、《江南巨富沈万三》等，一些片断都是在这儿拍的。

看，这条市河以前是我们周庄的菜市场。水乡人家，买菜也是在水上进行的。每天早晨，河道上挤满了小船，船上装着鲜鱼、蔬菜等。小贩们一边摇船，一边叫卖，两岸的居民听到以后，纷纷到河埠上来买菜，有些住在楼上的人，懒得下来，就直接从楼上放下一只篮子，篮子里面放着钱，小贩只要把菜放到篮子里，这样一笔生意就成交了。

〔叶楚伧故居门前〕这里面是国民党元老叶楚伧的故居。叶楚伧小名小凤，是著名的南社诗人，曾经担任过国民党江苏省政府秘书长，我们周庄有一段时间曾被改名为楚伧镇!

叶楚伧出生贫寒，长大后虽然做了“大官”，可仍然处处注意节约。一次他到老朋友沈仲眉家去，沈仲眉问他吃什么?他只点了一只糟烧螺蛳头肉，螺蛳在水乡是极便宜的，这也是他童年时代家里最好的菜了，他认为这菜有乡土风味，且价廉物美。吃完饭，沈家的女佣王妈给他绞上一把毛巾，他连忙说：“不敢当，不敢当!您老人家替我绞毛巾，真是过意不去，应该让我们年轻人给您绞毛巾才对。”王妈很受感动，她说：“这个‘叶老爷’虽然官做得大，却没有一点官架子，真是少有的好人。”叶楚伧的作品很多，有《楚伧诗存》、《世微堂文集》等。1946年叶楚伧在上海病逝。故居陈列了叶楚伧的生平家世、著作和有关他的照片、回忆文章。请大家进去参观一下。

〔全福讲寺〕各位游客，这里是全福讲寺，矗立在南湖园中，殿宇轩昂，飞檐高翘，欢迎四方游人。相传宋元佑元年(1086年)，周边功郎舍宅为寺，在白蚬湖畔建全福寺。历代不断扩建，梵宫重叠，楼阁峥嵘，碧水环绕，香火鼎盛，成为江南一带以经忏为主的名寺。寺内有一口巨钟，重三千斤，悬于大雄宝殿左侧。每当破晓时分，寺内有和尚撞钟，钟声宏亮，传到数十里外。人们把它当作报晓的鸡啼，闻声纷纷起床，下田耕作。久而久之，“全福晓钟”成为周庄人景中的重要一景。

昔日的全福讲寺共有五进，主体建筑大雄宝殿，殿宇雄伟轩敞。高达三丈徐的如来大佛巍然盘漆而坐，宽阔的巨佛手掌心中足可卧伏一人，这样高大的佛身，在江南一带的各大寺院中绝无仅有。据《周庄镇志》记载，如来大佛本苏州虎丘海涌峰云岩寺世尊像，清顺治五年(1648年)，都督杨承祖兵驻白蚬湖边，迎于寺内，如来大佛的左右，仁立着文殊、普贤佛像，同样十分高大。两侧的十八罗汉神态各异，栩栩如生。清初，书法家李仙根寻访全福讲寺，见寺院与湖光水色交相辉映，相得益彰，挥毫写“水中佛国”四个大字，制成匾额悬于山门之上，给全福讲寺增添了光彩。

全福讲寺九百年来香火鼎盛，成为周庄繁荣发展的一个象征。然而，这座堪与杭州灵隐寺媲美的寺院，却在50年代初期被迫改作粮库，寺内所有的佛像、经卷和珍藏不知去向，历史悠久的古寺毁于一旦，这不能不说是周庄的一大损失。

90年代后，周庄镇建造南湖园。作为主体工程的全福讲寺，也于1995年3月18日破土动工。经过三百个日夜的紧张施工，移址在南湖的全福讲寺，以崭新的面貌呈现在人们面前。新建的全福讲寺，主要建筑包括山门、指归阁、大雄宝殿和藏经楼等。

山门耸峙在南湖岸边，门前湖光潋滟，水埠码头平卧碧波，游人和香客可以乘船进南湖沿石阶登岸，别有情趣。进入山门，只见一座五孔石拱桥飞跨在荷花池上，桥上石栏相扶。驻足桥上，可以欣赏荷池中的红嶂翠盖，也可以回眸南湖，尽情地观看旖旎的湖景。

过拱桥，前面就是重檐复宇、气势庄严的指归阁。在此登楼，居高临下，远近的景色尽收眼底。南湖中养鱼的网箱簖栏，以铅灰色的线条，分割着万顷波光。寺院内的亭台楼阁，错落有致，钟楼、鼓楼矗立两侧，互为映衬，使寺院愈加气象雄伟。

第三进，即是主体建筑大雄宝殿。飞檐翘角，雄伟而不失精美。“佛光普照”四个大字在高达18米的屋脊间熠熠闪光。镶嵌于两边的梅、兰、竹、菊砖雕构图别致，精细秀逸。缓步进人殿堂，只见大殿中央供着佛祖释迦牟尼的铜坐像，高5米重3吨。释迦牟尼两侧，是骑跨在雄狮上的文殊和骑跨在大象上的普贤。殿后塑有飘海观音像，屹立在鳌鱼之背，衣袂飘动。大殿两旁的十八尊罗汉像，也各具神态，栩栩如生。整座大雄宝殿，神光闪耀，祥云缭绕，置身其间，足以感受到佛教文化氛围。

经台由婉蜒曲折的花廊环抱，经台中央矗立着三层宝殿，终日香烟缭绕。四周的荷花座石雕栏杆上，镌刻着吉祥云纹。经台下的池水与曲径花廊下的流水相连，有锦鳞嬉游，富有诗情画意。

大雄宝殿后，是三层高的藏经楼。殿堂宽敞，装饰精美。楼内荟萃诸多佛教文化的精品。藏经楼两侧是大斋堂和方丈室，遥相呼应。

周庄修复全福讲寺，借水布景，巧夺天工，融佛教文化、建筑艺术和园林景色于一体，既为佛教文化爱好者和宗教信仰者提供了一个理想的场所，也为旅游者提供了一个流连忘返的好去处。

〔出全福讲寺〕大家看对面的那座小茶楼就是三毛茶楼，它是为了纪念中国台湾女作家三毛而建的。1989年，三毛在烟雨朦胧之中来到了我们周庄，她看到周庄小桥、流水、人家的迷人风光，不禁感慨地说道：“啊这不正是我魂牵梦绕的故土吗?”三毛激动地流下了眼泪。三毛回到中国台湾后还经常来信，说还要尝尝周庄的大闸蟹，很可惜她再也没能实现这个愿望。周庄人民为了纪念她，将这座古宅改称三毛茶楼。茶楼中除了陈列了三毛的照片、手迹、书信外，还陈列了中外大批文人学者游访周庄的照片。

〔边走边导游〕前面就是迷楼了。大家看，这儿有一座古桥，它叫“贞丰桥”。“贞丰桥”这个名字，不用我说大家也都知道，它是因为周庄的原名而起的。桥边的那座小楼就是有名的“迷楼”。迷楼以前是一家小酒楼，叫“德记”酒楼。它怎么会出名呢?原来清朝末年，有一些进步的文化青年成立了一个团体，叫《南社》。那时南社成员柳亚子、陈去病、王大觉等人都喜欢在这酒楼里喝酒吟诗，他们还以酒楼为题，写下了许多著名诗篇。后这些诗篇被编成了《迷楼集》，随即迷楼的名气也就传开了。

那“迷楼”为什么被称为“迷楼”呢?原来南社成员们在酒楼上饮酒作诗，他们觉得小酒楼的一切都非常迷人，菜很迷人，酒很迷人，周围的环境也很迷人。因此，他们就风趣地把酒楼称为“迷楼”。他们把酒楼叫作“迷楼”还有一个用意，就是转移反动派的视线。

好，我们就到迷楼里面去看看。迷楼为临河修筑的两层小楼。楼内陈列着南社成员的照片、手迹、著作和书画作品，以及当代书法家书写的《迷楼集》中的诗句。二楼的东侧，是一组人物蜡像，展现的正是“小楼暂饮夜传杯”的情景，可谓如闻其声，如见其人。迷楼向游客开放以后，接待了许多南社成员的后裔，他们热情地向迷楼提供图片资料和实物，还积极参加南社研究，小小的迷楼，引起国内外诸多人士的注目。

〔继续向前走〕这里是澄虚道院，又称“圣堂”，创建于宋元佑年间(1086～1096年)，距今已有九百余年历史。明代中叶以后，道院规模日趋宏大。嘉靖年间，当地人玉壁捐资增建了仪门。清康熙二十五年，道士胡天羽化缘募捐建玉皇阁。五年后，又在阁西建造了文昌阁，清乾隆十六年，道士蒋南记在山门外建造圣帝阁，楼阁面临普庆桥，形成了前后三进的建筑群，气宇轩昂，占地1500平方米，成为吴中著名的道院之一。澄虚道院不但保存着丰富的宗教文化遗产，而且具有优越的地理位置和水乡风光，也使道院的游人香客流连忘返。

各位游客，我的导游到此结束了。如果有时间，各位可以在古镇里随便走走看看。在这临别之际，让我再一次感谢大家的光临。同时，还请您把周庄的祝福带给您的家人和朋友。祝大家在周庄旅游愉快，吉祥如意!

Ladies and gentlemen. During yesterdays tour, I arranged for you to visitsuch places of interest as Zhongshan Mausoleum, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, LingguTemple and the former site of the presidential palace. Today, I will take you toQinhuai River and Confucius Temple. Qinhuai River tourist area is located in thesouth of the old urban area of Nanjing. It takes about 20 minutes to get thereby bus from the urban area. It is a tourist destination with Confucius Temple asthe center, integrating sightseeing, shopping and tasting, displaying the styleand features of the ancient city and ethnic customs.

[origin and historical changes of Qinhuai River]

Qinhuai River is a river that once played an important role in thepolitical, economic and cultural development of the ancient city of Nanjing. Itis said that the Qinhuai River is an artificial canal ordered by the firstemperor of Qin Dynasty. When the first emperor of Qin Dynasty visited Kuaiji inthe East, in order to facilitate the navigation of ships, he ordered to digFangshan to connect the Huaihe River with the Yangtze River. However, accordingto geological investigation, Qinhuai River is a natural river with a longhistory. At that time, the ancient river did pass through Fangshan. However, dueto geographical changes, the river changed its course and gradually formed thepresent river. The Qinhuai River in history has a wide channel. Since Yangxingmi, king of Wu in the Five Dynasties, built the stone city in the area ofchangganqiao, the river began to narrow and was divided into the inner and outerQinhuai River. The Inner Qinhuai River flows from the city of dongshuiguan,through the Confucius Temple, and then from the city of xishuiguan in the southof Shuiximen to join the outer Qinhuai River. The total length of the river is10 kilometers. This is the "Ten Mile Qinhuai River" that has been praised andvisited by countless scholars and scholars since ancient times. Li Bai, Liu Yuxiand Du Mu, the great poets of Tang Dynasty, wrote poems for her. Kong ShangrensPeach Blossom Fan and Wu Jingyangs scholars also vividly described the "ten liQinhuai River".

Compared with the Yangtze River, which flows through the north of NanjingCity, the ancient Qinhuai River is very small, but it is closely related to thebirth and development of Nanjing City, as well as the political, economic andcultural development of Nanjing area. As early as five or six thousand years agoin the Neolithic age, there have been human reproduction. So far, as many as 50or 60 relics of primitive villages have been found along both sides of theriver. In the Six Dynasties and the early Ming Dynasty, the feudal court alwaysregarded it as a natural barrier for the capital and a natural passage for theimperial palace. After the establishment of the capital Jianye (Nanjing), SunQuan of the eastern Wu Dynasty used to make "gate ponds" on both sides of theQinhuai River, which could not only resist the enemy, but also prevent floods.Since the Six Dynasties, both sides of the Qinhuai River in the area ofConfucius Temple have been prosperous places with dense residents and connectedmarkets. The Qinhuai River has served as the main channel for foreign trade inNanjing, with boats and boats shuttling through the river. It is said that inthe old days, there were many song houses and restaurants on both sides of theQinhuai River, the river houses and water pavilions were full of splendor, theyacht paintings were well lighted, and the rich and noble lived a life ofpleasure and money. The working people, especially the vast number of women, hada good taste of the bitterness of the world. At that time, prostitutes inNanjing were mostly concentrated on both sides of the Qinhuai River. LiXiangjun, a famous prostitute who is not afraid of power and nobility, isdescribed in Peach Blossom Fan by Kong Shangren, a dramatist in Qing Dynasty.She lives by wendeqiao on the South Bank of Qinhuai River.

The beautiful Qinhuai River once flowed the loneliness of the wild age, theprosperity and extravagance since the Six Dynasties, the dirt of the oldsociety, the blood and tears of the working people, and even the blood of theNanjing Massacre. However, todays Qinhuai River, after the precipitation ofhistory and the transformation of the people, has exuded the fragrance of healthand civilization, showing a clear and moving style. It is the witness ofNanjings history. No wonder people used to take "Qinhuai" as the pronoun ofNanjing.

[Qinhuai boat - Banchi - Zhaobi of Confucius Temple - Square in front ofthe temple - Lingxing gate]

Ladies and gentlemen: now we come to the Bank of the Qinhuai River. Thepainted defenses in the river are all made in the style of Ming Dynastyarchitecture, with big red balls and red lanterns hanging on the bow. Wheneverthe Lantern Festival, Nanjing people used to come here to enjoy the lights. Itis said that after the establishment of the capital of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanjinpaid a visit to the capital. When he came to the Bank of the Qinhuai River, hesaw trees on both sides of the river, clear water, pavilions and pleasantscenery. He said casually, "Im sorry for the lack of boats in the river." Whenthe emperor opened the golden gate, he sent people all night to build the boatin order to win the favor of the emperor. Since then, Qinhuai painting hasbecome a major feature here. Especially in the Mid Autumn Festival, tens ofthousands of lanterns are in full bloom on the river, and dragon lanterns aredancing on both sides of the river. Songs, drums, cheers and laughter arecontinuous all night. It can be said that "Qinhuai is the best in the world". Nowonder there is a folk saying in Nanjing that "every family walks on the bridge,everyone looks at the light".

This section of Qinhuai River in front of us has become a Confucius Temple(Confucius Temple) and panchi since the Song Dynasty, also known as crescentmoon. In ancient times, the Imperial Academy was called Biyong, and the princesAcademy was called Pangong. The Confucius Temple Academy was equivalent to theplace where the princes gave lectures, so this pool was called "panchi".Generally, there are three stone bridges built on panchi. According to thegrade, county officials and students take the middle one, and scholars take thebridges on both sides. It is said that in ancient times, a scholar mistakenlywent to Zhongqiao. He was in a dilemma and had to jump into panchi byhimself.

Please look at a section of vermilion stone brick wall on the other side ofthe river. This is the screen wall of Confucius Temple. Zhaobi was built in thethird year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (Li Ze Nian), 110 meters long, which isthe highest Zhaobi in the whole family. Ladies and gentlemen, this ConfuciusTemple was built in 337, the third year of emperor chengdi of the Eastern JinDynasty. At that time, Emperor chengdi adopted the advice of Wang Dao: "thecultivation of talents is the most important thing in governing the country",and decided to establish the University on the Bank of Qinhuai river. In thefirst year of Jingpai (1034), the Confucius Temple was built on the basis ofXuefu. Therefore, Confucius Temple is a bustling city evolved from a culturaland educational center. It includes three main buildings: Confucius Temple,Academy and Gongyuan. Its scope is adjacent to the North Bank of Qinhuai Riverin the south, the east end of Jiankang road in the north, Yaojia Lane in theEast and Sifu Lane in the West. Although the Confucius Temple was destroyed manytimes, it was built and expanded in different dynasties. By the end of the QingDynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the structure and layout ofits pavilions and temples were the best in the southeast. The present ConfuciusTemple is partly rebuilt in the late Qing Dynasty and partly rebuilt in recentyears. Please look back. This pavilion style building is called KuixingPavilion. It was first built in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. The waterfrontbuilding was destroyed twice and rebuilt in 1985.

Now we come to the square in front of the temple opened up in the QingDynasty. There are two steles standing at the East and West ends of the square,about one foot high, on which are engraved two words in Manchu and Chinese:"Minister of culture and military dismounts here", which shows respect for thesage Confucius. The pavilion with six corners and double eaves on the left iscalled "star gathering Pavilion", which means that all the stars areconcentrated and talents are gathered. It was built in the 14th year of Wanli inthe Ming Dynasty (1586), but it was not rebuilt until the 8th year of Tongzhi inthe Qing Dynasty (1869). This is the only Qing Dynasty building that survivedthe Japanese artillery fire. Unfortunately, it was demolished as "four old" in1968 and rebuilt in 1983, restoring its original style. The memorial archway inthe middle of the square is called "Tianxia Wenshu archway". Please continue tofollow me. This gate is called Lingxing gate, which is the gate of ConfuciusTemple. It is said that TA Xing is the star in charge of education in the sky.He is convenient and happy. The gate is a stone structure with six columns andthree gates. It was built in 1480, the 16th year of Chenghua in the MingDynasty. It was later destroyed and rebuilt in 1870. However, the polar gate wesee now was rebuilt in 1983. The East and west sides of the gate are the Eastand West markets.

各位朋友，大家好!欢迎光临南京夫子庙。

夫子庙地处城南秦淮河畔，地理位置优越，交通十分方便，是南京人引以为自豪的历史遗迹和旅游景点，是新兴的文化、商业、游览中心和庙市合一的繁华之地。

夫子庙，又叫孔庙、文庙，是祭祀我国著名的大教育家、思想家孔子的地方。

孔子在古代被人们尊称为孔夫子，故其庙宇俗称“夫子庙”。

由于儒学的正统地位，它的创始人孔子备受封建社会历朝历代的统治者和士子们的尊崇，祀奉他的孔庙遍布全国各地，有的地方还不只一个。

夫子庙作为封建士子崇拜的场所，大多与教育设施(如学宫、贡院等)布置在一起，即所谓的庙附于学，一般是在学宫的前面或一侧。

历史上，南京城区的夫子庙曾有三处，一处在今市政府大院内，另一处在朝天宫。

现在我们要参观、游览的，是第三处，也是最有名气的一处。

它是宋景佑元年(1034年)从朝天宫迁来的，初为建康府学，元为集庆路学，明初为国学，后为应天府学，清迁出府学，改为江宁、上元两县学。

咸丰年间毁于兵火，同治年间(1869年)重建，抗战中为日军焚毁。

现存夫子庙为80年代初重建。

它采用前庙后学，孔庙在前，学宫在后，后来设立的贡院被布置在学宫的左侧。

因此，南京夫子庙比较完整的格局包括三部分，即孔庙、学宫、贡院。

以大成殿为中心的南北中轴线及两侧的主要建筑和以明远楼为中心的江南贡院陈列馆成为夫子庙地区最主要的旅游观光点。

夫子庙地区由于悠久的历史、方便的水上交通，使其在夫子庙出现之前，就已成为古代南京比较有名的“佳丽地”和名士聚居地，因此除了以上所述主要景点外，还有吴敬梓故居、古桃叶渡、萃苑、百年老店一条街、文德桥、王谢故居、乌衣巷、媚香楼等景点。

现在我们已站在夫子庙中轴线的起点部分—夫子庙广场。

环顾四周，南有泮池、照壁、木坊，东西两侧有聚星亭、魁光阁及商业区，北有中轴线上主要建筑大成殿和分布于孔庙东西两侧的东、西二市，形成了夫子庙地区区别于其他城市孔庙的独特氛围，即历史上形成的庙市合一的格局。

请看广场前的这一条河，它叫秦淮河，是南京人民的母亲河，全长110公里，孕育了早期的南京文明。

流经广场的这一段是内秦淮河的一部分，建庙时被改造为泮池，因曲阜孔庙泮水流过而得名。

南岸的一堵红墙，是建于明万历(1575年)年间的大照壁，长达110米，气势磅礴，为全国照壁之最。

照壁起遮蔽和装饰作用，是整个夫子庙建筑群的开始。

泮池北岸石栏则为明正德(1514年)年间所建，是历经了沧桑变迁之后，成为夫子庙建筑群中唯一保存最好的古代建筑小品，抗战前曾加以修整。

游人至此，凭栏小憩，观览秦淮秀色，心旷神怡。

泮池西侧的文德桥现为汉白玉桥。

因儒家提倡文章道德而得名。

因为桥向与子午线方向一致，所以每逢农历11月15日子时左右，皓月当空，凭栏俯视，在桥的两边分别可看到桥影将河中明月分成两个半月，被称为“文德分月”。

吴敬梓在《儒林外史》一书中就有记述，如果您有机会的话，不妨在农历11月15日来文德桥边看一看。

文德桥南乌衣巷口的一组徽派建筑群，为“王谢古居”。

作为东晋豪族王谢两大家族聚居区，影响比较大，尤其是唐刘禹锡名作《乌衣巷》的诗句，使乌衣巷、王谢旧居变得非常有名，现为“南京六朝历史文化陈列馆。“大家有时间可以进去参观参观。

现在我们看石栏北侧是新复建的天下文枢坊，表明此处为天下文化中心。

三门四柱，颇为壮观。

在古代，它与后面的棂星门对应，用于帝王出巡朝圣祀孔，中间高门坊是皇帝幸临的御道，左右供郡亲王出入，一般的官员臣民不能通行，因而平时都用木栅栏封闭起来。

庙前广场西侧的聚星亭，六角飞檐、古朴大方，外表看双重飞檐翘角，貌似两层结构，其实只有一层，亭名取群星聚集、人才荟萃之意。

再请看东边，临水而立的小院子是魁光阁，阁内的魁星亭，三层六面，下临秦淮，景致独特。

古有“奎主文章”之说。

奎星即魁星，是文运兴旺之兆，是科举时试夺魁的象征，因而魁星被历代学子奉为神灵。

魁光阁与聚星亭东西犄角相望，互为呼应，融为一体。

庙前广场北面的石砌坊门，是孔庙第一道大门—棂星门，六柱三门，古朴优美，中间横楣刻有篆文“棂星门”。

棂星是古代天文学中的“文星”，取名之由是要表示天下文人学士集学于此的意思。

三门之间镶嵌有牡丹图案的砖刻浮雕，精雕细琢，美仑美奂。

石柱顶端皆用云板，即华表之意，作为一种标志。

此乃皇帝祭孔的仪门。

走过棂星门，我们就来到大成殿的大成门前。

大成门，又称戟门，是夫子庙的正大门，两旁为持敬门。

封建时代只有官员可以由大成门出入，一般士子只能从旁门进出。

进入门内，左右分别树有四块古碑：东边有元至顺二年(1331年)的《封至圣夫人碑》和(封四氏碑)，西边有公元1330年的残碑《集庆孔子庙碑》和由市政府迁来的甫齐永明二年(484年)的《孔于问礼图碑》。

以《孔子问礼图碑》为著。

院落甬道两旁排列了孔子十二门生中的八位，即闵损、冉耕、冉求、端木赐、冉雍、宰予、言偃和仲由，均由汉白玉雕刻而成，状甚虔诚，栩栩如生。

向前看，大成殿前的平台为丹墀，俗称露台，高1.4米，东西宽21.8米，南北长“14.0米，四周围以石栏，有云头望柱24根，台前两角设有石灯笼。

此露台用作祭祀和歌舞。

露台中央的孔于雕像格外引入注目，青铜质地，达4.18米，重乙37吨，做工精细，维妙维肖，体态丰盈，面部慈祥、深沉，眉宇间透露出伟大思想家特有的睿智，给人留下非常深刻的印象。

露台两旁原是两庑，是供奉孔门七十二贤人牌位和存放祭祀、仪礼、佾舞用具的处所。

现缩为小两庑，改为碑廊，陈列有赵朴初、林散之、武中奇等著名书法家墨迹的碑石30余块，供游人欣赏。

露台尽头即为巍峨庄严的夫子庙主殿—大成殿，高16.22米，宽27.3米，进深27.9米，是重槽歇山顶的仿古建筑。

正面屋檐下海蓝色竖匾，上书“大成殿”。

孔子为“大成至圣先师”，“大成”当指孔子。

“大成”一词，源出《札记.学记》，是学习的最高境界。

又见于《孟子.万章》。

“孔子，圣之时者也。

孔子之谓集大成。

”屋脊鸱吻中有造型精美的“双龙戏珠”立雕，这在国内同类建筑中属首创之作;屋面覆盖青色小瓦所体现的轻秀之势，与北方孔庙屋面采用黄色琉璃瓦的富丽恢宏之势明显不一样，更显随和、入俗之意，这亦是南京夫子庙更接近俗文化的表现之一，亦或称之为“入乡随俗”吧。

整座建筑重檐飞翘，斗拱交错，气势雄伟;殿堂七楹，殿廊环立26根仿木圆柱;前后花格长门16扇，内殿藻井枋檩，素雅肃穆。

殿中央陈列有高6.5米、宽3.5米的国内最大的孔子画像，画像前二侧还有12位门生中的另4位，即孟子，孔汲，曾参、颜回，前面还陈列有柷、琴、卧箜篌，编磬，编钟、古筝、鼓等古代乐器。

四周墙壁悬挂了38幅反映孔子生平事迹的镶嵌壁画，称为“孔子圣迹图”，是由浙江乐清2OO匠师采用取自浙江、福建，内蒙古、辽宁、青海、广西、广东等省(区)的内玉石，鸡血冻、寿山石，翡翠绿、周村冻等石中名晶及黄金、珠宝、罗钿等贵重的珠宝饰件，耗3年之功雕成，总投资580万元人民币。

画面采用中国古典全景式构图方式，辅以考证有据的细部描述，做工精细，色泽自然，富有立体感，给人以逼真神奇之感。

每幅面高2.5米，宽1.3米，画中 共有人物408位，造型面目自然、栩栩如生。

38幅壁画分别是圣迹之图、题首前言、尼山致祷、麒麟玉书、二龙五老、钧天降圣、俎豆学礼、职司委吏、命名荣贶、职司乘田、问礼老聃、在齐闻韶、晏婴沮封、退修诗书、夹谷会齐、归田谢过、诛少正卯;女乐文马、因膰去鲁。

匡人解围。

丑次同车之一，丑次同车之二、宋人伐木、楛矢贯隼、适卫击磬、学琴师襄、西河返驾、灵公问陈、子路问津、在陈绝粮、子西沮封、作歌丘陵，杏坛礼乐、跪受赤虹、西狩获麟、梦奠两楹、治任别归、汉高祀鲁。

体现了孔子“万世师表”的光辉典范形象，这恰如殿中对联所写“气备四时兴天地鬼神日月合其德;教垂万世继尧舜禹汤文武作之师“。

真乃谓“德侔天地道贯古今，删述六经垂宪万世”。

由大成殿东庑北门出，经东市即进入学宫区。

东市和西市是由原来进出学宫的东、西甬道改成，用作秦淮河上往返船只经销商品的场所，现已成为夫子庙地区最具特色的工艺美术晶、文化用品销售场所和文化活动场所。

学宫是封建时代培养人才的场所，有不同层次，如县学、府学(路学、州学等)和国学，都与孔庙毗邻，以示儒学立国，修身的正统地位。

学宫包括明德堂、尊经阁、敬一亭、崇圣祠和青云楼等单体建筑。

走进学宫大门，就是古风盎然的明德堂，是士子们每月朔、望日朝圣(即孔子)之后，集中听训导师宣讲圣教和上谕(伦理和政府法令)的场所，以培养学子们忠君爱国的思想。

对于明德堂的名称，可能有的游客要问，各地夫子庙建筑群中只有“明伦堂”，何以南京夫子庙例外，叫作“明德堂”?确实，南京夫子庙内，明德堂原来也称“明伦堂”，只是当年元军即将攻克南京之时，身陷囹圄的民族英雄南宋宰相文天祥，为了表明他宁死不屈的决心，亲自手书，改“明伦堂”为“明德堂”以明效忠国家、报效民众之志气，故保留至今。

明德堂后的尊经阁，始建于明朝中期，高三层，18.7米，重檐丁字脊歇山顶，气象非凡，是当年存放儒家典籍、教谕讲课的讲堂，现为民俗风情陈列馆。

与尊经阁并排而立的是崇圣祠和青云楼，尊经书院分置尊经阁后两边。

崇圣祠祀孔子父母，现为梨园;青云楼清时改为图书馆;尊经书院为讲课之所，相当于现在的教室。

尊经阁后小高地，叫卫山，建有敬一亭，天下文庙皆有敬一亭始于明嘉靖时，亭内立皇帝御题的“敬一箴”，作为生员士子的座右铭。

所谓“敬一”就是对孔学的敬业之意。

游完学宫，向东过贡院西街走数十米，就是江南贡院。

利用这一段时间，我给大家介绍一下夫子庙的其他情况。

夫子庙地区除了夫子庙自身建筑之外，还有更为引人注目的民风民俗、特色市场和风味小吃。

其一，南京人向有过灯节的习俗，六朝时期佛兴灯旺，作为帝王之都的南京，每至元宵节，灯火满市井，为全国之冠。

明朝时放灯时间延长，正月初八为上灯节。

十八日为落灯节，是我国历史上为时最长的灯节，那时南京人几乎“家家走桥，人人看灯”，由此，延至清代以及近代，南京灯节都极为隆重，以夫子庙地区为最盛。

建国以后，夫子庙灯会在政府的支持和组织下，每年的正月，夫子庙的大街小巷、店堂铺面、河房屋顶都挂满了各式各样的彩灯，前来观赏的人群络绎不绝，熙熙攘攘，煞是壮观，其规模之大、延续时间之长、灯彩式样之多，在全国同类灯会中均名列前茅。

其二，夫子庙除了它的文化特色外，其商业文化也比较发达，首先是夫子庙建筑群两侧的东、西二市就以其丰富的工艺美术晶、古玩、字画及其他文化用品交易而显示出文化的商业性价值，其次在夫子庙还有小商品市场、花鸟虫鱼市场和古玩、珍藏品交易市场，体现了南京人的一种闲适心态和文化品位。

夫子庙已成为现代商品云集的商业中心区之一。

其三，夫子庙还是南京四时茶食的发源地,随着各种节令的更替和食俗的形成，夫子庙秦淮小吃因时更新，各种茶食店铺，摊贩小吃，应有尽有，成为我国东南地区历史最久、最独具特色的饮食文化旅游区。

从泮池文德桥至文源桥方圆百米左右的市面，风味饮食店就有数十家之多。

可谓咸甜荤素风味迥异;东西南北各有千秋。

最著名的店面有百年老店永和园、六凤居、老正兴、奇芳阁、蒋有记等，风味名点和小吃有数百种，极大地强化了夫子庙的区域性特征。

好，我们已到了始建于1168年的江南贡院遗址。

江南贡院是专门用来考试的场所，起初规模并不大，只供府、县学考试之用。

明初乡试、会试集中在此举行。

后贡院规模扩大，待到清朝，正式定名为江南贡院，已经是规模空前，形成东起姚家巷，西至学宫、孔庙，南临秦淮河，北抵建康路的方形整体，其号舍达两万多个，在当时全国贡院中首屈一指。

民国之后，贡院冷落，只有明远楼等，作为历史文物被保留下来。

我们现在看到的明远楼，上下三层，四四方方，飞檐出甍，面面皆窗，它本是贡院举行考试期间用来警戒和发号施令之所。

如今楼下拱门内保留的明、清和民国年间的石碑，详尽记载了江南贡院的盛衰历史。

为有效地保存封建时代科举考场的情景，80年代中期，有关部门在此建立了“江南贡院陈列馆”，复建了以“千字文”命名的部分号舍，陈列了神态各异的应试学子的塑像，供人们参观。

同时，游人们还可以亲自体会一下“金榜题名”的古趣。

各位朋友，您不想试一试?

游罢夫子庙的主要观光点，我们大概可以把夫子庙的特点归纳为以下两点。

第一，夫子庙是一个庙市合一的活动场所，这是其最大特色，而其他城市的孔庙建筑及其文化氛围通常与商业文明、市井文化相隔离。

在夫子庙，一方面是围墙内严谨的文化氛围;另一方面是围墙外、秦淮河两岸充满活力的商业文明，如工艺美术品、小商品、花鸟及现代商场、批销中心，以及业经去其糟粕、取其精华的俗文化，如传统的民风民俗—秦淮灯彩、秦淮风味小吃、云锦工艺、南京白局等，一应俱全，充分体现了夫子庙的繁华和与众不同。

学宫、孔庙与市场(东西市等)、俗文化(秦淮民风民俗等)和谐相处，高雅的儒学文化与通俗的市井文化、商业文化相互兼容、共同发展，形成了富有地方特色的秦淮文化。

第二，夫子庙建筑布局中有许多中国之最。

如象征南京母亲河—秦淮河的长达110米的高大照壁，是全国最大的;泮池是以天然河道秦淮河的一段改作的，是所有孔庙中独一无二的。

由此可知，秦淮河在夫子庙的历史演变过程中的影响是非常重要的。

南京夫子庙学宫明德堂的名称在全国也是少有的;大成殿“三宝”—孔子画像、雕像和孔子生平事迹壁画，堪称全国之最。

值得一提的是，由于南京夫子庙的与众不同，地方政府和国家旅游局自80年代以来，开发并形成了以夫子庙为中心的秦淮风光带。

在东起东水关、西迄西水关的十里秦淮，发掘出那些被历史湮没的秦淮胜迹，如瞻园、白鹭州、中华门城堡以及桃叶渡至镇淮桥一带的秦淮水上游和沿河景观，即所谓的“四点一线”，形成了集山水、园林、市街、河房河厅和民风民俗于一体的综合旅游区。

现已布局井然，初具规模，景致独特，美不胜收，成为全国旅游景区四十佳之一。

基于此，有关部门还开辟了“夜泊秦淮”水上游旅游线路和陆上游一条线，成为继“湖南路灯光夜市”后又一颗照亮南京一片天空的“夜明珠”，使得夜晚的南京城更显魅力。

各位朋友，夫子庙的游览就到此结束了，感谢大家的支持和合作!

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“彩虹明镜”与月牙池

过了哼哈殿可见一个小巧的明镜湖，真象是透明的玻璃镶嵌在绿色的地毯上，当湖水盈盈之时，可见寺门及两侧岗丘前的古枫绿树倒映水中，涟猗骤起，波光浮动，山林古寺就象映在银幕上，景色比岸上更胜三分，即所谓“彩虹明镜”为栖霞之一景也。

鼓 楼

明镜湖向前数步，可见钟鼓楼，栖霞鼓楼沿古寺主建筑中轴线与钟楼完全对称，而建筑结构、尺寸、材料、色调、外形与钟楼保持一致，形成南有千禧钟，北有太平鼓之完臻格局，钟楼之声更添古刹之庄严，实乃太平盛世之殊胜因缘也。大鼓腰直径二点五米，鼓面直径二点一米，厚一点八米，重约四百公斤。

钟楼

栖霞山钟楼建于1999年12月，“钟楼”二字出自于著名书法家林散之之手，楼下供地藏王菩萨，佛教中认为他是地狱中的神，钟声响起时能解脱罪恶的灵魂，楼上的千禧大钟总重量为9.6吨，每年新年来临人们在此举行敲钟活动以祈祷来年平安幸福。

寂然法师像

在钟楼后方竖有一寂然法师像，寂然法师弱冠之年出家于寿圣寺，一九二一年来栖霞奉事剃度师振禅和尚，法师悉心照料体事入微,若舜和尚深为感动，遂请法师担任监院。

一九三七年，南京沦陷，日军烧杀奸淫，暴行肆虐，寂然法师留守栖霞，得大本、志开二位法师建议与协助，以大慈悲之心，于寺中设佛教难民收容所达四月之久，救护难民二万三千余人，并掩护抗战将领安全脱险。为赈济难民，又设法四处告贷募化。一九三九年秋终因积劳成疾，心力交瘁，壮年早逝。

法师一生，爱国护教、济世救民，实为佛门楷模。

白莲池

钟鼓楼向前数步为白莲池，呈半月形，故名月牙池，供游人或佛门信徒放生之用，俗名放生池，沿池的汉白玉栏杆，雕刻水禽花卉，颇有艺术情味。关于放生池的由来，尚有典故可寻，这里从颜真卿说起，南北朝时佛教在中国进入盛期，梁武帝萧衍是历史上显赫一时的佛门天子，是一个以佛化治国的皇帝，在位时极为倡导佛教，主张天下僧民皆吃素食，但他借皇帝权威，自作“断酒肉文”，强令各地寺院执行，从此形成了中国佛教素食的制度。放生池的设置亦在此时。素食与放生是一脉相通的。

二亿年前的碑材——明征君碑

栖霞寺山门广场左侧即是栖霞一宝明征君碑，明征君碑是唐代高宗皇帝李治在上元三年4月25日(公元676年)为纪念明征君(明僧绍)将自己的宅第捐献给佛门，创建栖霞寺而立，至今有1300多年，现已被列为全国重点文物保护单位。碑文为唐高宗(李治)所撰，出自唐初著名书法家高正臣手笔，笔法俊逸清秀，刚柔有致，可见当时风格特点，碑面除碑额篆书“明征君碑”四字外(四字为王知敬手书)均为行书，共二千三百七十六字，现尚存二千三百六十三字，仅缺十三字，字迹清晰可辨、碑阴有“栖霞”两个大字，据传为高宗亲笔。其字体历来有两种说法，其一，笔力遒劲，雄浑;其二，字体并无遒劲，潇洒之感，倒有柔弱疲软之貌，如果说字如其人，那它不正是李治自身的写照么!要不然他的政权怎么会落到武则天的手中去呢?此碑也是南京地区保存得最完美的唐代碑刻，在全国现存唐碑中，是极罕见的珍品。

栖霞寺历代僧人都称碑材为“梅花石”。现此碑经古生物专家考证，属于沉积岩类的“海百合茎石灰岩”，朵朵梅花是海百合茎等动物化石，全碑正面约有海百合动物化石2万2千多个，距今已有2亿零5百多万年。具有这么多可见的动物化石制成碑的如此大块的标本，在全国甚至全世界也是罕见的，因此，栖霞山的明征君碑不仅是文物古迹之珍品，而且也是地质界收藏的化石标本之珍品。